First, according to the soil conditions to fertilizer. Because the structure of each piece of soil is different, the soil can be subjected to necessary tests when topdressing, and the types of chemical fertilizers can be determined according to the differences in soil acidity and alkalinity, so that the fertilizer can be used in a timely and reasonable manner, such as in low-alkali soils. To use acidic fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, topdressing alkaline or neutral fertilizers such as urea, ammonium bicarbonate, and ammonia in acidic soils, and applying less volatile ammonium chloride in sandy and sandy loam soils with poor water and fertilizer retention capabilities. Urea and other fertilizers. At the same time, during the top-dressing period, it is necessary to grasp the amount of fertilizer and not to give enough time. It may be necessary to top-up the amount of topdressing fertilizer and reduce the amount of fertilizer applied each time. This will not only prevent excessive burning of fertilizers, but also prevent the evaporation and loss of chemical fertilizers. .
Second, according to fertilizer varieties to fertilizer. Most chemical fertilizers are salts, which are acidic, alkaline, and neutral. When fertilizing, it must be treated differently according to the nature and composition of chemical fertilizers to prevent the selection of wrong fertilizers and reduce the yield and destroy the quality of the crop. Ammonium chloride and urea can be mixed and applied to paddy fields to inhibit nitrification and reduce leaching loss, but they must not be used in saline soils to prevent chlorides from accumulating in the soil and increase salt damage. Potassium chloride-based compound fertilizers cannot be applied to crops such as watermelons, tobacco, sugar beets, and potatoes that avoid chloride, so as not to reduce their yield and quality, resulting in unsweetened watermelons; urea is suitable for use in various crops and various types of soil, but it is The soil can only release fertilizer effects through transformation and is absorbed by crops. Therefore, when using urea as topdressing, it takes several days ahead of other nitrogen fertilizers, and at the same time, deep-buried soil is applied to increase the utilization of chemical fertilizers.
Third, according to different crops to topdressing. Different types of crops are even different varieties of the same crop, and the type and amount of chemical fertilizer required are different. Therefore, according to the type of crops to choose the right fertilizer, as needed supply. The field crops are mainly topdressing nitrogenous fertilizers, and economic crops such as vegetables, tobacco, grapes, and cotton. In addition to nitrogen fertilizers, topdressing potassium fertilizers are also used. After the experiment, when urea was sown, spring corn was first applied to half as the basal fertilizer, and the other half was applied as top dressing at the end of July to early August. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate can be increased by 10 to 20 percentage points. The amount of topdressing fertilizer required for each crop is different. For each hectare of rice, 230-370 kg of ammonium sulfate or 180-200 kg of urea can be topdressed. Soybean is a crop that requires more nitrogen fertilizer, and nodules and nitrogen fixation can only satisfy soybeans throughout the growing season. About 50% of nitrogen fertilizer is needed, and nitrogen fertilizer can be topdressed in good time. 130-170 kg of urea can be topdressed per hectare. However, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers must be applied in the summer in order to avoid the loss of nitrogen volatilization caused by the application of nitrogen fertilizers and the potassium fixation caused by alternation of dry and wet surface of potassium fertilizer.
Fourth, to select the best fertilization period of the crop to top-dressing. The key problem of topdressing is to grasp the critical period and the maximum efficiency period of nutrients for various types of crops. Good steel is used at the edge of the knife and top dressing is carried out during the nutritional period of crops. At this time, absorption of nutrients reaches the highest peak, which is the best time to topdress fertilizer. . For example, the critical period of nitrogen in wheat is from till till the spikelet differentiation period, and the critical period of phosphorus is during the tillering period. The critical period of nitrogen in maize is during the panicle differentiation, and the critical period of phosphorus is in the 3-5 leaf stage. The critical period of nitrogen and phosphorus in cotton was before and after the bud initiation. During the maximum efficiency of crop nutrients, crops have the highest demand for one or more nutrients. At this time, the application of chemical fertilizers can best exert their potential for yield increase. For example, the maximum efficiency of nitrogen fertilization in wheat is from jointing to heading. During the three-leaf stage, nitrogen fertilizer should be topdressed. Soybeans can be topdressed with nitrogen fertilizer at the early flowering stage, which can reduce the rate of falling flowers and plants, and can prolong the lifespan of plants and increase grain growth. Weight and yield; Corn is the peak period of nutrient absorption after jointing until the big bell-mouth period, and should apply the second fertilizer, or top-dressing the second fertilizer before heading; rice should be top-dressed during the greening, jointing and heading stages. once.
Fifth, we must grasp the amount of fertilizer. When dressing fertilizers, different fertilizers should be used for each crop, not too much or too little, and excessive nitrogen fertilization can easily cause crops to be prosperous and prosperous, and the resistance to diseases and lodging resistance can be reduced, especially when there is more rain in the summer. After the storm, a lot of corn fell to the ground, causing a reduction in production. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer will shorten the growth period, premature maturation, and the quality of crops will be reduced. If too little fertilizer is applied, the effect of increasing production will not be achieved, resulting in a decline in yield. Therefore, when topdressing, it is necessary not only to pay attention to the quantity, but also to do a good job of collocation. It is not possible to apply certain chemical fertilizers. Although other nutrients are sufficient, when a certain nutrient is lacking, crop growth will still be affected, resulting in low crop yield or quality. If only a variety of nutrients and fertilizers are suitable, the goal of less input and more output will be achieved.
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