The large amount of crop residues remaining after the autumn harvest can be used to feed livestock. The commonly used processing methods include physical, chemical, and biological methods. First, physical processing 1, mechanical processing. Using machinery to shorten, crush, or knead roughage is the simplest and most commonly used method for roughage utilization. In particular, the straw feed is relatively rigid, easy to chew after processing, reduce energy consumption, increase feed intake, and reduce feed waste during feeding.铡 Short: The use of rakes to shorten the roughage to lcm ~ 2cm, rice straw is softer, can be slightly longer, while the corn stalk is more rigid and nodules, about 1 cm is appropriate. When corn stalks are silage, they should be chopped with a rake to facilitate compaction. Crushing: Crushing the roughage can increase the feed utilization rate and facilitate the mixing of concentrated feeds. In the winter and spring season, the roughage fed with cotton and goats should be crushed. The fineness of the crushed should not be too fine to ruminate. The bottom diameter of the screen of the crusher is preferably 8 mm to 10 mm. For example, hay powder used as a feed for pigs and poultry is to be crushed into flour for thorough mixing. Kneading: Kneading machine is a new product introduced in recent years. To adapt to the ruminant livestock's use of roughage, the straw feed is rolled into a strip, which is especially suitable for the kneading of corn stalks, and can be fed on ruminants such as cattle, sheep and camels. livestock. Straw crushing can not only improve the palatability, but also improve the utilization rate of feed. It is an ideal processing method for the utilization of straw feed. 2, salinization. Salinization refers to chopped or comminuted straw feedstuffs, with 1% salt water, and equal weight of straw, and then put them in a container or piled on concrete floor, covered with plastic film, and placed for 12 hours to 24 hours. It naturally softens and can significantly increase palatability and feed intake. Second, the chemical treatment of the use of acid and alkali and other chemical substances on the poor quality of roughage - straw feed processing, degradation of cellulose and lignin in some nutrients, in order to increase its feed value. In the production of widely used alkalization, ammoniation and acid treatment in three aspects. 1, alkalization. Alkaline substances weaken the hydrogen bonding inside the feed fibers, which causes swelling of cellulose molecules and weakens the connection between cellulose and lignin in the cell walls. Dissolving hemicellulose is beneficial to the digestion of feed by ruminants and improves the digestibility of roughage. Alkaline treatment used raw materials, mainly sodium hydroxide and lime water. Sodium hydroxide treatment: The straw was soaked in a pool containing 1.5% sodium hydroxide solution for 24 hours, then rinsed repeatedly with water, dried and fed to ruminants. The digestibility of organic matter could be increased by 25%. This method uses large amounts of water, many organic materials are washed away, and pollute the environment. Can also be used 4% to 5% of straw weight of sodium hydroxide, formulated as 30% to 40% of the solution, sprayed on the crushed straw, piled up for several days, directly fed without washing, can improve the digestibility of organic matter 12 % to 20%. Although this method has been improved, the feces contained a considerable amount of sodium ions after the animals have eaten, and there is also a certain degree of contamination of the soil and the environment. Lime water treatment: Calcium hydroxide produced by adding lime to water is a weak alkali solution. After being sufficiently matured and precipitated, the straw is treated with the supernatant (ie, lime milk). The specific method is: every 100 kilograms of straw, 3 kilograms of quick lime, add water 200 kg to 250 kilograms, the lime milk evenly sprayed on the crushed straw, stacked on the cement floor, after 1 day to 2 days can be fed directly to the livestock . This method has low cost, quick lime everywhere, simple method and obvious effect. 2, ammoniation. The protein content of straw feed is low. After ammoniated treatment, the crude protein content can be increased by 100% to 150%, the cellulose content is reduced by 10%, and the organic matter digestibility is increased by more than 20%. It is a good roughage for cattle and sheep ruminant livestock. Use urea, ammonium bicarbonate as an ammonia source. Near ammonia plants, ammonia is cheap and can also be used as an ammonia source. Ammoniated feed production method is simple, and the nutritional value of feed is significantly improved. Ammonia pool ammonification method: choose ammonia pools that are sunny, leeward, high ground, hard soil, low groundwater level, and easy to make, feed, and manage. The shape of the pool may be rectangular or circular. The size and capacity of the pool are based on the amount of ammoniated straw, and the amount of ammoniated straw is determined by the type and amount of livestock. Generally, about 100 kilograms of chopped air-dried stalks can be placed in each cubic meter (cellar). A cow with a body weight of 200 kilograms needs 1.5 tons to 2 tons of ammoniated straw annually. After digging the pool, use bricks or stones to cover the bottom, build walls, and cement the surface. The straw is crushed or cut into small pieces of 1.5 cm to 2 cm. The urea with a straw weight of 3% to 5% is formulated with warm water. The amount of warm water depends on the moisture content of the straw. Generally, the moisture content of the straw is about 12%, and the ammonia content of the straw should keep the moisture content of the straw at 40. About %, so the amount of warm water is generally about 30 kg per 100 kg of straw. The urea solution will be evenly sprayed on the straw, stirring while spraying, or install a layer of straw evenly sprayed once urea aqueous solution, while loading and pressing. After filling the pool, cover the pool mouth with plastic film and cover it with soil. The aquifer storage method is to dig pits in places with high topography, dryness, hard soil, low groundwater level, close to livestock houses, convenient storage, and easy management. The size of the pit depends on the storage. Pits can be dug into underground or semi-basement styles, and crypts and cement pits are available. However, the cellar must be airtight and watertight. The crypt wall must be trimmed and smooth. If a crypt is used, 0.08 mm to 0.2 mm agricultural plastic film can be used to flatten the cellar floor and the four walls, or at the bottom of the raw material before entering the cellar. A layer of 10 cm to 20 cm thick straw or hay is used to prevent moisture, and a layer of corn stover is tightly distributed around the pit to prevent the soil on the pit wall from entering the feed. The straw was cut into small pieces of 1.2 cm to 2 cm. Preparation of aqueous urea solution (same method as above). Straw side cellar, spraying urea aqueous solution, spraying urea solution should be uniform. After the raw materials are filled in the cellar, cover the raw materials with a layer of straw or comminuted straw that is 5 cm to 20 cm thick, cover the soil with 20 cm to 30 cm in height, and press it firmly. When the cellar is sealed, the raw materials must be 50 cm to 60 cm above the ground to prevent the infiltration of rainwater. And often check, if found to repair cracks in a timely manner. Ammonia plastic bag method: plastic bag size to facilitate the use of good, plastic bags, the general length of 2.5 meters, 1.5 meters wide, it is best to use double plastic bags. Cut off the straw with a prepared urea aqueous solution (the same method as above) evenly sprayed, filled with plastic bags, seal the bag mouth, and place it in a sunny place. During storage, it should be checked frequently. If there is smell of ammonia at the mouth of the bag, it should be fastened again. If the plastic bag is damaged, it should be sealed with tape in time. 3, acidification. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and formic acid are used to treat straw feeds. The principle is the same as alkaline treatment. Acids are used to destroy the cellulose structure in the feed to increase the feed digestibility. However, the cost of acid treatment is too high and it is rarely used in production. 4, ammonia - alkali composite treatment. In order to make the straw feed not only increase the nutrient content, but also improve the digestibility of the feed, the advantages of both ammoniating and alkalizing are combined and used. That is, the straw feed is ammoniated and then alkalized. For example, the digestibility of straw ammoxidation treatment is only 55%, and after compound treatment it reaches 71.2%. Of course, the compounding cost is higher, but it can fully utilize the economic benefits and production potential of straw feed. Third, biological treatment Biological treatment mainly refers to the treatment of microorganisms. There are silage and saccharification feeds. 1, silage. Addition of urea silage: In order to increase the crude protein content of silage and meet the demand of beef cattle for crude protein, 5 kg of urea can be added per ton of silage material. The method of adding is: When the raw material is loaded, the urea is fully dissolved in water to form an aqueous solution, and then evenly sprayed on the raw material. In addition to urea, 3 kg to 4 kg of phosphoric acid urine can be added to each ton of silage material. This will not only increase the nutrient content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the silage material, but also enable the silage to have a faster acidity level, effectively Preserve nutrition in silage. Adding trace elements silage: To increase the nutritional value of silage, 0.5 g of copper sulfate, 5 g of manganese sulfate, 2 g of zinc sulfate, 1 g of cobalt chloride, 0.1 g of potassium iodide, and 0.5 kg of sodium sulfate can be added per ton of silage material . After thoroughly mixing and dissolving these trace elements in water, the silage can be sprayed evenly on the raw materials. Add lactic acid bacteria silage: inoculation of lactic acid bacteria can promote lactic acid fermentation, increase lactic acid content, in order to maintain the quality of silage. The strains currently used are mainly Lactobacillus delbrueckii (available from local pharmaceutical companies or hospitals). Generally, 0.5 liter of lactic acid bacteria culture or 450 grams of lactic acid bacteria is added per ton of silage material, and care should be taken to mix it with the feed when adding it. . Formaldehyde (also known as formalin) silage: It can effectively inhibit weeds and prevent silage during the silage process. Normally, 3 to 5 kg of formaldehyde is added to the silage with a concentration of 85% per ton to ensure that there is no activity of spoilage bacteria in the silage process, so that the loss of dry matter in the feed is reduced by more than 50%, and the digestibility of the feed can be increased by 20%. . Sourcing silage: Adding proper amount of acid for silage can supplement the acidity produced by fermentation and further inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria and mold. Commonly used additives are formic acid, plus 3 kg per ton of grass forage, plus 5 kg per ton of legume forage, but corn stems silage generally do not add formic acid. When using formic acid, care should be taken not to contact the skin to avoid burns. Semi-dry silage: The silage drying to semi-dry, moisture content of 45% to 55%, smashed closed silage. The dry matter of this kind of semi-dry silage is about 1 times higher than that of ordinary green fodder, and has rich nutrition, low sourness, fragrant odor, and good palatability. It can enhance the appetite and digestion of beef cattle more than green hay and common green fodder, and can reach Fast fattening purposes. 2, saccharification and fermentation of feed. Saccharification and fermentation is the inoculation of yeast, koji, etc. in the feed to produce organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, and bacterial proteins, so that the feed becomes soft and sweet, slightly alcoholic, and can also decompose some of its indigestible substances. Improve the palatability and utilization efficiency of roughage. The method of producing the song seeds: Take 5 kg of wheat bran, 5 kg of rice bran, 1 kg of melon noodles, barley flour and bean cake noodles (whole wheat bran can be used when incomplete), 300 g of the seed, and about 13 kg of water. Material pounds of water), mixed in the tub or on the ground culture, material thickness 2 cm, about 12 hours to increase temperature, to control the temperature does not exceed 45 °C. After a day and a half, the melody can be preliminarily made into cakes, and it can be turned one time and three days into a song. The seeds should be stored in a cool, ventilated, dry place, protected from moisture and sunlight. Fermentation feed production method: choose a variety of roughage such as crop stalks, vine leaves and a variety of non-toxic leaves, weeds, wild vegetables, crushed fine as a raw material, raw materials can not be moldy rot, with legume crops as raw materials must be the same Poaceae plants are mixed, otherwise the quality is poor and the taste is not correct. Take roughage 50 kilograms, add appropriate amount of song, add about 50 kilograms of water, mix well, hold hands tightly, fingers with drops of water rather than dripping. In winter, warm water can be added to facilitate warming and fermentation. The stack thickness is 20 cm. In winter, it is covered with a piece of cake. When the temperature rises to 40°C, it can be fed. China Agricultural Network Editor