Shanrui is a reptile, turtle-headed, and cicada animal in its classification. It is mainly distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan and other provinces. It is one of the most valuable aquatic products in the south of China.
Shanrui is rich in nutrients, delicate in flesh and more fragrant in taste than Chinese sturgeon. It is a high-class delicacy on the feast. Shanrui is of high medicinal value. Its meat has the effects of nourishing yin and tonic, clearing away heat, dispelling heat and replenishing kidney and strengthening the stomach. Its bone plate is a famous Chinese medicinal material, and its egg white contains chicken-type lysozyme, which is good for wall fineness. The cell wall of the cocci has a strong lytic effect. At present, China's Shan Rui has a relatively small amount of resources and is now listed as a national second-class animal protection.
I. Biological characteristics (I) Morphological features Shan Rui's appearance is similar to that of Chinese sturgeon. The body is generally elliptical. The posterior skirt is large and hypertrophic. The central part of the back is prominently raised. The peripheral part of the carapace is lower than the skirt. The front edge of the dorsal carotid has a large row of obvious lumps, and the back edge has more pods. . Limbs are short and thick. The male tail is long and narrow, and the female tail is short. There is a large mass of lumps on both sides of the neck base. Back color is light gray green, dark green or dark gray, etc.; abdomen is white with black spots.
(B) Living habits In the natural environment, Sanredo inhabits in the clear and flowing mountain streams, suitable growth temperature is 20 ~ 32 °C, when the water temperature dropped to below 15 °C, stop feeding, dived into the bottom, the water temperature dropped to 12 ~ Below 10°C, it hikes into the mud in the bottom of the pool. When the temperature of the water rises to 18-20°C in the late spring, the bottom of the water is drilled and the food is taken out. The temperament is mild, the gall is smaller than the Chinese sturgeon, and the sun back and spawning are close to the water source.
(3) Feeding Habits Under natural conditions, Shanrui often feeds on small fish, shrimp, insects, worms, etc.; under artificial breeding conditions, it can feed on snail meat, small fish, shrimp, clams, and frog meat. Animals slaughtered leftovers, etc., also fed artificial compound feed. It has a large amount of food in the evening. ShanRuiRong has a strong ability to starve. It does not matter if he does not eat for a week.
(IV) Growth characteristics Under natural conditions, the absolute growth rate of Shanrui is relatively slow, but its relative growth rate is much faster than that of Chinese sturgeon, and it is at least 1/3 faster. The 3rd instar Shanrui usually weighs 1.2 to 2 kg. The oldest mountain individual can exceed 50 kilograms.
(5) Breeding habits The sexually mature age of Shanrui is generally above 3 years old, and the breeding season is slightly different due to the geographical location of life. When the water temperature rises above 20°C, estrus mating begins. Mating is often performed in waters with a water depth of 50 cm or more. When mating, faces are embraced and tumbled in the water. 15 to 20 days after mating, spawning begins. Monte Santo climbed to the shore on a rainy night, digging holes in wet and loose sand or mud, and filling the hole with sand after production. The eggs were layered inside the hole. The females lay eggs 1 to 2 times a year, 3 times each time, and produce 5 to 15 eggs each time. The eggs are larger than those of the Chinese sturgeon. The incubation period is about 77-85 days at a temperature of 22-32°C.
Second, artificial propagation technology (A) Shan Shanrui's choice and cultivation as the parent Shan Rui should reach sexual maturity age, physical fitness, disease-free without injury, weighing more than 1.5 kg. Male to female selection and retention ratio of 1:1 to 2:1. The selected parents should be placed in a nursery pond. The cultivation pond area is generally 100-600 square meters. There is an escape prevention wall and an internal spawning ground. The area of ​​spawning ground is 0.5-1 square meter per female mountain. Small-sized parent stocks have larger stocking capacity; large-sized ones may have fewer stocks, generally 0.5 to 1 stocks per square meter are appropriate.
During the breeding period, brood snail meat, cockroaches, small fish shrimps, insects, etc. may be fed. The daily feeding amount is generally 5% to 10% of the carcass weight and is flexibly controlled according to seasonal water temperature, water quality, and feeding conditions. The bait should be placed on the food table, and the leftover bait should be removed in time. Pay attention to new water in good time and maintain good water quality. Spawning sites will be cleaned when the spawning season approaches. And turn loose sand, sprinkle water in order to create a good spawning environment for Shanrui.
(B) spawning, picking eggs and artificial hatching to the breeding season, Shan Rui will climb to the spawning ground digging spawning, because they spawn at night, so do not go to spawning ground at night, so as not to disturb. At about 8 a.m. the following day, the kinsmen have left and can enter the spawning ground to check their spawning status. If sand is found to be loosened and traces of claws are found, it indicates that Shanrui has laid eggs. Do not pick it up right now. Make a mark and wait until your embryo is fixed. When picking eggs, the action should be light to avoid damage.
Fertilized eggs can be hatched using an incubator. The incubator is made of Chinese fir. The box is 60 centimeters long, 40 centimeters wide and 20 centimeters high. The bottom of the box has several water filter holes. During the operation, a layer of sand with a thickness of 8 to 10 cm is laid on the bottom of the box, and then the fertilized eggs are discharged on the sand in order, and the white animal is upright. The spacing between eggs is 2 to 3 cm. Cover a layer of sand with a thickness of 2 to 2.5 centimeters. A box can discharge 2 to 3 layers. During the incubation, the temperature can be controlled at 25-32°C, the humidity is maintained at 80%-85%, and the ventilation and light transmission are taken care of.
Third, juvenile and young Shan Rui's newly hatched larvae hatched with yolk sac on the abdomen, can be placed in the sand box to move freely, 2 to 3 days after the disappearance of yolk sac, and then sterilize their bath and Transfer to plastic pots and other containers for feeding. The pelvic floor is covered with 3cm thick fine sand, and the water depth is 2.5cm. The pots can be placed obliquely so that there are natural and deep environmental conditions. 15 days later will be moved to small indoor cement ponds, and the cement pool area is suitable for 2 to 4 square meters. The inner wall of the pool is smooth, the bottom of the pool is slightly higher, the other side is slightly lower, and the bottom is laid on the fine sand. 5 Centimeters, water depth 5 to 15 cm. The new cement pool needs to be soaked for more than 2 weeks before use, changing the water between 2 and 3 times. Jushao Rui before the restocking pool should be thoroughly disinfected with 10ppm bleach or 100ppm quicklime, mountain Rui body bath with 2.5% saline for 10 to 15 minutes. At first, Wing Shanrui was able to feed quail eggs, silk mash, and chopped cooked egg yolk. With the growth of individuals, fish and shrimp meat, snail meat, and pig lungs were gradually fed. During feeding, care should be taken to change the water in time, and the temperature difference between water changes should not exceed 3°C. In order to help Shanrui inhabit, hide and regulate water quality, water hyacinth and other aquatic plants can be stocked in the pond. In winter, it is advisable to transfer Shanrui into the greenhouse. With suitable temperatures, good water quality, and nutritious food, Shanrui can not only safely live in winter but also grow well.
In late spring, when the outside conditions are suitable, Shan Rui will be transferred to the outdoor pool for rearing. The pool area can be 30 to 60 square meters, water depth is 20 to 60 centimeters, and there are anti-escape facilities, bait stations and sun back rest areas. Stocking densities range from 20 to 50 per square meter, and are sparsely reared as individuals grow. The main feed animal feed, feed can also be fed compound feed. The daily feeding amount is generally 3% to 12% of the weight of Shanrui, and is adjusted according to the water temperature, water quality, type of bait, and the feeding conditions of Shanrui. It is necessary to remove the residual baits in the pool in time and change the water in a timely manner. It is also necessary to regularly disinfect the pool water and feed the baits to prevent the occurrence of diseases.
Fourth, Cheng Shanrui's rearing and aquaculture ponds range from several tens of square meters to several hundred square meters, which can be ordinary earthen ponds or concrete pools. The bottom of the pond is paved with fine sand with a thickness of 20 to 30 centimeters and a water depth of 0.5 to 1.5 meters. , Easy to enter and drain, there is anti-escape facilities, with bait stations, sun back rest field.
2 weeks before stocking, the kiwi should be thoroughly disinfected with quicklime or bleach. When stocking, use 2.5% to 3% of salt water or 10ppm of malachite green to bathe Shanrui for 15 to 20 minutes. Shanrui’s stocking density should be determined according to pond conditions, breeding techniques, etc. General earth ponds, stocking 2 to 4 per square metre, cement ponds 4 to 6, can also be used for mixed farming by fish and mountain fisheries. , 2 breeding stocks per square meter, stocking large-sized squid species amount.
The Chengshan Rui stage can be fed with animal feed such as pig lung, liver, fish, snail meat, frog meat, and insects, and can also be fed with compound feed. In early spring and late autumn, the temperature is relatively low, and the mountain has no appetite. Normally, it is fed once every day at about 9:00 am. After May, the water temperature rises. Shanrui enters the best season for growth and development, and it needs to feed enough food to promote it. Its growth can be fed once a day at 9 a.m. and at 5 to 6 p.m., and the amount of each feeding is basically 2 to 3 hours after feeding. After autumn, it is necessary to appropriately increase the ratio of feeding the internal organs of animals so that Li Shanrui can accumulate body fat for safe wintering. The bait must be fresh, clean and delicious, and put on the bait station. The remaining bait should be removed in time to avoid polluting the water.
The quality of water in Shanrui Pond should be maintained well. New water or water should be added in a timely manner. In particular, the water should be changed frequently during the summer. The small cement pool should be changed daily. The water hyacinth, which is stocked in a quarter of an area in Chengshan Ruichi, can not only play a role in purifying water quality, but also be beneficial to the concealment of Shanrui. Deepen the water level during the hot season. In order to adjust the water quality and disinfect the pool water, quicklime can be splashed once every two weeks or so with a concentration of 15-20ppm. In order to prevent the occurrence of diseases, Shan Rui should also be fed with baits on a regular basis and prevent the harm from intruding into the pool.
Shanrui is rich in nutrients, delicate in flesh and more fragrant in taste than Chinese sturgeon. It is a high-class delicacy on the feast. Shanrui is of high medicinal value. Its meat has the effects of nourishing yin and tonic, clearing away heat, dispelling heat and replenishing kidney and strengthening the stomach. Its bone plate is a famous Chinese medicinal material, and its egg white contains chicken-type lysozyme, which is good for wall fineness. The cell wall of the cocci has a strong lytic effect. At present, China's Shan Rui has a relatively small amount of resources and is now listed as a national second-class animal protection.
I. Biological characteristics (I) Morphological features Shan Rui's appearance is similar to that of Chinese sturgeon. The body is generally elliptical. The posterior skirt is large and hypertrophic. The central part of the back is prominently raised. The peripheral part of the carapace is lower than the skirt. The front edge of the dorsal carotid has a large row of obvious lumps, and the back edge has more pods. . Limbs are short and thick. The male tail is long and narrow, and the female tail is short. There is a large mass of lumps on both sides of the neck base. Back color is light gray green, dark green or dark gray, etc.; abdomen is white with black spots.
(B) Living habits In the natural environment, Sanredo inhabits in the clear and flowing mountain streams, suitable growth temperature is 20 ~ 32 °C, when the water temperature dropped to below 15 °C, stop feeding, dived into the bottom, the water temperature dropped to 12 ~ Below 10°C, it hikes into the mud in the bottom of the pool. When the temperature of the water rises to 18-20°C in the late spring, the bottom of the water is drilled and the food is taken out. The temperament is mild, the gall is smaller than the Chinese sturgeon, and the sun back and spawning are close to the water source.
(3) Feeding Habits Under natural conditions, Shanrui often feeds on small fish, shrimp, insects, worms, etc.; under artificial breeding conditions, it can feed on snail meat, small fish, shrimp, clams, and frog meat. Animals slaughtered leftovers, etc., also fed artificial compound feed. It has a large amount of food in the evening. ShanRuiRong has a strong ability to starve. It does not matter if he does not eat for a week.
(IV) Growth characteristics Under natural conditions, the absolute growth rate of Shanrui is relatively slow, but its relative growth rate is much faster than that of Chinese sturgeon, and it is at least 1/3 faster. The 3rd instar Shanrui usually weighs 1.2 to 2 kg. The oldest mountain individual can exceed 50 kilograms.
(5) Breeding habits The sexually mature age of Shanrui is generally above 3 years old, and the breeding season is slightly different due to the geographical location of life. When the water temperature rises above 20°C, estrus mating begins. Mating is often performed in waters with a water depth of 50 cm or more. When mating, faces are embraced and tumbled in the water. 15 to 20 days after mating, spawning begins. Monte Santo climbed to the shore on a rainy night, digging holes in wet and loose sand or mud, and filling the hole with sand after production. The eggs were layered inside the hole. The females lay eggs 1 to 2 times a year, 3 times each time, and produce 5 to 15 eggs each time. The eggs are larger than those of the Chinese sturgeon. The incubation period is about 77-85 days at a temperature of 22-32°C.
Second, artificial propagation technology (A) Shan Shanrui's choice and cultivation as the parent Shan Rui should reach sexual maturity age, physical fitness, disease-free without injury, weighing more than 1.5 kg. Male to female selection and retention ratio of 1:1 to 2:1. The selected parents should be placed in a nursery pond. The cultivation pond area is generally 100-600 square meters. There is an escape prevention wall and an internal spawning ground. The area of ​​spawning ground is 0.5-1 square meter per female mountain. Small-sized parent stocks have larger stocking capacity; large-sized ones may have fewer stocks, generally 0.5 to 1 stocks per square meter are appropriate.
During the breeding period, brood snail meat, cockroaches, small fish shrimps, insects, etc. may be fed. The daily feeding amount is generally 5% to 10% of the carcass weight and is flexibly controlled according to seasonal water temperature, water quality, and feeding conditions. The bait should be placed on the food table, and the leftover bait should be removed in time. Pay attention to new water in good time and maintain good water quality. Spawning sites will be cleaned when the spawning season approaches. And turn loose sand, sprinkle water in order to create a good spawning environment for Shanrui.
(B) spawning, picking eggs and artificial hatching to the breeding season, Shan Rui will climb to the spawning ground digging spawning, because they spawn at night, so do not go to spawning ground at night, so as not to disturb. At about 8 a.m. the following day, the kinsmen have left and can enter the spawning ground to check their spawning status. If sand is found to be loosened and traces of claws are found, it indicates that Shanrui has laid eggs. Do not pick it up right now. Make a mark and wait until your embryo is fixed. When picking eggs, the action should be light to avoid damage.
Fertilized eggs can be hatched using an incubator. The incubator is made of Chinese fir. The box is 60 centimeters long, 40 centimeters wide and 20 centimeters high. The bottom of the box has several water filter holes. During the operation, a layer of sand with a thickness of 8 to 10 cm is laid on the bottom of the box, and then the fertilized eggs are discharged on the sand in order, and the white animal is upright. The spacing between eggs is 2 to 3 cm. Cover a layer of sand with a thickness of 2 to 2.5 centimeters. A box can discharge 2 to 3 layers. During the incubation, the temperature can be controlled at 25-32°C, the humidity is maintained at 80%-85%, and the ventilation and light transmission are taken care of.
Third, juvenile and young Shan Rui's newly hatched larvae hatched with yolk sac on the abdomen, can be placed in the sand box to move freely, 2 to 3 days after the disappearance of yolk sac, and then sterilize their bath and Transfer to plastic pots and other containers for feeding. The pelvic floor is covered with 3cm thick fine sand, and the water depth is 2.5cm. The pots can be placed obliquely so that there are natural and deep environmental conditions. 15 days later will be moved to small indoor cement ponds, and the cement pool area is suitable for 2 to 4 square meters. The inner wall of the pool is smooth, the bottom of the pool is slightly higher, the other side is slightly lower, and the bottom is laid on the fine sand. 5 Centimeters, water depth 5 to 15 cm. The new cement pool needs to be soaked for more than 2 weeks before use, changing the water between 2 and 3 times. Jushao Rui before the restocking pool should be thoroughly disinfected with 10ppm bleach or 100ppm quicklime, mountain Rui body bath with 2.5% saline for 10 to 15 minutes. At first, Wing Shanrui was able to feed quail eggs, silk mash, and chopped cooked egg yolk. With the growth of individuals, fish and shrimp meat, snail meat, and pig lungs were gradually fed. During feeding, care should be taken to change the water in time, and the temperature difference between water changes should not exceed 3°C. In order to help Shanrui inhabit, hide and regulate water quality, water hyacinth and other aquatic plants can be stocked in the pond. In winter, it is advisable to transfer Shanrui into the greenhouse. With suitable temperatures, good water quality, and nutritious food, Shanrui can not only safely live in winter but also grow well.
In late spring, when the outside conditions are suitable, Shan Rui will be transferred to the outdoor pool for rearing. The pool area can be 30 to 60 square meters, water depth is 20 to 60 centimeters, and there are anti-escape facilities, bait stations and sun back rest areas. Stocking densities range from 20 to 50 per square meter, and are sparsely reared as individuals grow. The main feed animal feed, feed can also be fed compound feed. The daily feeding amount is generally 3% to 12% of the weight of Shanrui, and is adjusted according to the water temperature, water quality, type of bait, and the feeding conditions of Shanrui. It is necessary to remove the residual baits in the pool in time and change the water in a timely manner. It is also necessary to regularly disinfect the pool water and feed the baits to prevent the occurrence of diseases.
Fourth, Cheng Shanrui's rearing and aquaculture ponds range from several tens of square meters to several hundred square meters, which can be ordinary earthen ponds or concrete pools. The bottom of the pond is paved with fine sand with a thickness of 20 to 30 centimeters and a water depth of 0.5 to 1.5 meters. , Easy to enter and drain, there is anti-escape facilities, with bait stations, sun back rest field.
2 weeks before stocking, the kiwi should be thoroughly disinfected with quicklime or bleach. When stocking, use 2.5% to 3% of salt water or 10ppm of malachite green to bathe Shanrui for 15 to 20 minutes. Shanrui’s stocking density should be determined according to pond conditions, breeding techniques, etc. General earth ponds, stocking 2 to 4 per square metre, cement ponds 4 to 6, can also be used for mixed farming by fish and mountain fisheries. , 2 breeding stocks per square meter, stocking large-sized squid species amount.
The Chengshan Rui stage can be fed with animal feed such as pig lung, liver, fish, snail meat, frog meat, and insects, and can also be fed with compound feed. In early spring and late autumn, the temperature is relatively low, and the mountain has no appetite. Normally, it is fed once every day at about 9:00 am. After May, the water temperature rises. Shanrui enters the best season for growth and development, and it needs to feed enough food to promote it. Its growth can be fed once a day at 9 a.m. and at 5 to 6 p.m., and the amount of each feeding is basically 2 to 3 hours after feeding. After autumn, it is necessary to appropriately increase the ratio of feeding the internal organs of animals so that Li Shanrui can accumulate body fat for safe wintering. The bait must be fresh, clean and delicious, and put on the bait station. The remaining bait should be removed in time to avoid polluting the water.
The quality of water in Shanrui Pond should be maintained well. New water or water should be added in a timely manner. In particular, the water should be changed frequently during the summer. The small cement pool should be changed daily. The water hyacinth, which is stocked in a quarter of an area in Chengshan Ruichi, can not only play a role in purifying water quality, but also be beneficial to the concealment of Shanrui. Deepen the water level during the hot season. In order to adjust the water quality and disinfect the pool water, quicklime can be splashed once every two weeks or so with a concentration of 15-20ppm. In order to prevent the occurrence of diseases, Shan Rui should also be fed with baits on a regular basis and prevent the harm from intruding into the pool.
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