First, the biological characteristics Vallisneria, also known as grassgrass, noodle grass, etc., is a taxonomic classification of Amaranthaceae, is a typical submerged plant. Because of its combination of more nutrients and strong water purification ability, it has high economic value. In China, it is widely distributed in rivers, lakes and other waters. The depth of water in the distribution area does not exceed 2m, and it is highly transparent. Deep silt, slow water flow, and bittergrass grow well.
In April-March, when the water temperature rose above 15°C, bulbs or seeds of Vallisneria began to sprout and grow. The seeds of Vallisneria are very small, stick-shaped, black or dark brown, full grain, length 2-3mm, maximum diameter 0.3-0.5mm, about 6 million seeds per kilogram of seed. Physiologically mature seeds, at a water temperature of 18 °C to 22 °C, germinate after 4-5d, about 15d, the emergence rate of up to 98%. The newly emerged young grasses produce a large number of fibrous roots. When the leaves are about 30 days old, the leaves of the young grasses are 5-7 cm in length, the leaf width is 0.8-1 cm, the leaves are hypertrophic, green or red-brown, and the leaves are clustered on the stem sections; when the length of the leaves is about 10 cm At the time, the plant base began to grow 1–4 roots of stolons, and each branch of the stolons took root and germinated. Then they grew into new plants. The new plants gave birth to the stolons. Therefore, the distribution of Vallisneria at the bottom was rapid. Usually a single strain of Vallisneria can form a 1-3m square cluster. The bulbs of Vallisneria, generally with 2 buds, sprout slightly earlier than the seeds, the plants that grow are sturdy, and the delivery time is earlier. The period from June to July is the most productive period of tillering. From the end of September to the beginning of October, the maximum amount of biomass, after mid-October, the tiller gradually stops and grows into the aging period. Vallisneria is dioecious. The male flower forms a raceme inflorescence. The inflorescence is surrounded by a transparent membranous sheath. When the male flower matures, the top of the tendon sheath is broken and the pollen floats on the water surface. It is a typical water-borne flower; the female flower has a long handle. The flower base has a cylindrical tube sheath, three small flowers, green, hard; petal 3, underdeveloped; pistil 1, stigma 3, top two. At the base of the style, there are 3 degenerated stamens on the lateral side, and the ovary is inferior, containing a larger number of ovules. The flowering period of Vallisneria is from mid-August to early-October. After fertilization, the pedicel curls into a spiral, and the long fruit is poured into water to mature. In October, when the fruits reached maturity, the flower stalks gradually decayed, and the fruits were floating on the water. At this time, some of the seeds in the fruits were still in morphological maturity and did not reach physiological maturity. In late December, the vast majority of seeds have matured. Usually each fruit contains about 150 mature seeds, a few fruits can reach more than 300. Under artificial conditions, the fruit will enter maturity at the beginning of October. Due to the differences in soil fertility, water depth, water flow, and management level, the number and fullness of seeds in the fruits often differ greatly.
Second, herbicide seed production technology
1. Conditions The water for artificial seed production of Vallisneria should be above 1333 square meters, the water depth can be controlled within the range of 70-100cm, the silt is deep, the still water or water flow is slow, and the transparency of the water is higher. The selected herbaceous species should be full and glossy, black or dark brown, 2 mm or more in length, and not less than O. 3mm, the seeds of natural wild Vallisneria are better, which can improve the child's ability to deliver.
2, sowing sowing period from the end of April to early May, the amount of 15-30g/mu. Before sowing, plant the seeds for one day and soak for one night. Rinse the seeds in the fruits, rinse them clean, and use a semi-dry semi-soiled soil for seeding and sowing. When sowing, the water level is maintained at about 10-3Ocm; if there is a large amount of water in the sowing area, the water level should be adjusted to 40-60cm.
3, the daily management Vallisneria petite at the seedling stage is more petite, slow growth, in order to promote childbirth, control of vegetative growth, the early water level is generally kept within 3Ocm. From late May to early June, it enters a period of rapid growth, and in July it can cover more than 95% of the water bottom. At this time the water level can be increased to about 7O-l00cm. In mid-July, according to the fat conditions of the waters, it is appropriate to top-dress fertilizer. Normally, 10kg of calcium phosphate or 3kg of compound fertilizer is applied per 667m2. If the sludge is thicker and the water quality is more fat, no fertilizer is needed to prevent overgrowth. From mid-August onwards, bittergrass gradually blooms, and white pollen floats on the surface of the water. After the fertilization is complete, the pedicels of the female flowers curl into a spiral and the fruit sinks into the water.
4, seed harvest
In October, the fruits began to mature and the stalks became senile and corrupt. The fruits gradually floated on the surface of the water. Usually, the fruits contained in the fruits floating in the water are less in quantity and the seeds are of poor quality; therefore, the fruit floating on the water before November 5 should be removed and discarded; the fruit floating to the surface after November 5th The quality is good, but some of the seeds in the fruit are not fully developed physiologically. They need to float on the surface of the water to develop further. Until mid-December, the seeds can be removed and dried. 12
Harvested at the end of the month. The rest of the fruit in the pool should not be left as a seed. Grass seed yield is generally about 10kg/667 square meters.
5. Pest Control Pesticide seedlings of Vallisneria are mainly leeches, especially in ponds with silty hypertrophy, which often result in low seedling germination rates. The use of carbofuran mixed soil to kill or seed dressing has a certain effect; the sowing water level is adjusted to 40-6Ocm can effectively control the amount of leeches and inhibit their harm. At the seedling stage, we should also pay attention to the prevention of herbivorous fish, livestock and poultry. In the flowering period of Vallisneria, it is mainly harmed by aphids. Using dichlorvos 800 times solution or omethoate 1000 times solution, the effect is good. So far, no other pests have been found in Vallisneria.
6. Comprehensive utilization of a small amount of seagrass, green prawns, or clams, cockroaches, squid, etc. in the aquatic planting area can effectively control ineffective delivery, increase seed production and quality, and significantly increase economic efficiency. Detained crabs are delivered in 80-120/kg, 200-300/667-m2 density, or 2000-3000/kg precocious crabs, 1,000/667 m2, and 5-10 kg/winter larvae. 667 square meters; or 500-1000 tails/667 square meters of Jianye, Heterologous Jubilee, and Eel Summer Flowers. Can produce crabs 15-4Okg/667 square meters, shrimp into 20-3Okg/square meters, or large-size fish species 40-50kg/667 square meters.
Third, the application of aquaculture Aquatic planting Vallisneria, sowing date on April 10th about 15 days is appropriate, with the amount of
50g/667 square meters.
Crab breeding water planted Vallisneria, if it is put crabs, before the application of the net mesh crab buckle pond before the application of a net about 5% -10% of the aquaculture area holding area, deducted crab first into the holding zone It is kept inside to prevent the newly emerged grasses from being eaten by the crabs. By the end of May and early June, when the seagrass coverage reaches 90%, the seining area seine can be removed. The depot crab stocking density is 300-500/667 square meters, stocking size l00-300/kg, crab return rate generally up to 7O-90%, the average raising size 150-175g; , Stocking density 1500-3000 only / 667 square meters, stocking specifications 1000-3000 / kg, Crab catch rate is generally 60-85%, average growing specifications 90-125g. Feed a small amount during the breeding period. In July-August, remove the leftover grass that is left by the crabs. In aquaculture water bodies with better protected resources, the water quality is good, and crab disease does not generally occur. Planted Vallisneria in aquaculture waters with a history of disease. If adherence to low-density stocking (l00-150/667-square-meter crab or 500-fold/667-square-meter crab of Zaochai), a higher rate of return can generally be achieved. (60 to 70% or so).
The application of large-scale crabs cultivation, the pond area should be in the l000-6667 square meters, the structure of small pots in the pool and the same normal juvenile crab cultivation pool. In mid-August, if the cultivated pond is too flourishing, it is necessary to cut part of the leaves, which accounts for about 1/3 to 1/2 of the length of the leaves. This prevents the occurrence of hypoxic-free seedlings after the lower crabs. From late August to early September, larvae of larvae breeding with high-quality Yangtze rivers and crabs will be used for the breeding of 115,000 sheep/667 square meters and stocking specifications of 1000-2000 birds/kg. There is no need to feed during the breeding period. Sprinkle lime once every 20 days with a concentration of 10 ppm. The water depth in the pool is kept at 70-80cm. Until the end of the year, the average size of crabs is 40-100/kg, and the survival rate is 50%-70%. The proportion of mature crabs in the year is generally 1%-2%, and the maximum is not more than 5%.
In the case of water depths of 1.5 to 1.5 cm in cultivated waters, the annual output of Vallisneria is in the range of 10,000 to 20,000.
Kg/667 square meters or more. In March-April, 200-300 tails/667 square meters of 25-50g cyanobacteria were planted, and grass and squid summer flowers were planted at the end of June to 115,000/667 square meters. July In the middle of the year, 12,000 to 20,000 square meters of young shrimps were placed. During the breeding period, a small amount of feed is appropriate. Toward the end of the year, grasses, squid and catfish can be used for l00-200kg/667 square meters, heterotrophic silver carp 40-60kg/667 square meters, and freshwater shrimp 10-30kg/667 square meters.
The current wild turtle market is popular, but there are few resources, and the wild culture of industrialized turtles can significantly improve the quality of turtles. The economic benefits are very significant. In February-March, 200-300kg/667 square meters of field snails were planted. In early April, wild grasses were sown with Vallisneria. In mid-April, 500-700/667 square meters of farmed soft-shelled turtles with a specification of 200-300 were placed. Grass, squid, heterotrophic silver carp species. In addition to the tame period, the bait is not fed during the breeding period. By the end of the year, the specifications of the turtle may reach 400-600 g. Its color, shape, and meat flavor are very similar to those of wild turtles, and its quality is significantly better than that of wild turtles reared in adult fish ponds.
Bobai County in Guangxi used crabs to eat leftover bitter grass, and cultivated bait biobiotic snails, which also achieved good results.
The depth of water suitable for the growth of Vallisneria is 1-2m, but in most of our country's lakes, the water depth area accounts for a considerable part of the lake area. Some domestic units have planted Vallisneria in the shallow water area of ​​the lake to carry out intensive aquaculture and achieved certain results. For example, Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province has effectively restored the water and grass vegetation in the sown waters, significantly improved the ecological environment of the waters, and promoted the sound development of the ecological environment of the waters.
In April-March, when the water temperature rose above 15°C, bulbs or seeds of Vallisneria began to sprout and grow. The seeds of Vallisneria are very small, stick-shaped, black or dark brown, full grain, length 2-3mm, maximum diameter 0.3-0.5mm, about 6 million seeds per kilogram of seed. Physiologically mature seeds, at a water temperature of 18 °C to 22 °C, germinate after 4-5d, about 15d, the emergence rate of up to 98%. The newly emerged young grasses produce a large number of fibrous roots. When the leaves are about 30 days old, the leaves of the young grasses are 5-7 cm in length, the leaf width is 0.8-1 cm, the leaves are hypertrophic, green or red-brown, and the leaves are clustered on the stem sections; when the length of the leaves is about 10 cm At the time, the plant base began to grow 1–4 roots of stolons, and each branch of the stolons took root and germinated. Then they grew into new plants. The new plants gave birth to the stolons. Therefore, the distribution of Vallisneria at the bottom was rapid. Usually a single strain of Vallisneria can form a 1-3m square cluster. The bulbs of Vallisneria, generally with 2 buds, sprout slightly earlier than the seeds, the plants that grow are sturdy, and the delivery time is earlier. The period from June to July is the most productive period of tillering. From the end of September to the beginning of October, the maximum amount of biomass, after mid-October, the tiller gradually stops and grows into the aging period. Vallisneria is dioecious. The male flower forms a raceme inflorescence. The inflorescence is surrounded by a transparent membranous sheath. When the male flower matures, the top of the tendon sheath is broken and the pollen floats on the water surface. It is a typical water-borne flower; the female flower has a long handle. The flower base has a cylindrical tube sheath, three small flowers, green, hard; petal 3, underdeveloped; pistil 1, stigma 3, top two. At the base of the style, there are 3 degenerated stamens on the lateral side, and the ovary is inferior, containing a larger number of ovules. The flowering period of Vallisneria is from mid-August to early-October. After fertilization, the pedicel curls into a spiral, and the long fruit is poured into water to mature. In October, when the fruits reached maturity, the flower stalks gradually decayed, and the fruits were floating on the water. At this time, some of the seeds in the fruits were still in morphological maturity and did not reach physiological maturity. In late December, the vast majority of seeds have matured. Usually each fruit contains about 150 mature seeds, a few fruits can reach more than 300. Under artificial conditions, the fruit will enter maturity at the beginning of October. Due to the differences in soil fertility, water depth, water flow, and management level, the number and fullness of seeds in the fruits often differ greatly.
Second, herbicide seed production technology
1. Conditions The water for artificial seed production of Vallisneria should be above 1333 square meters, the water depth can be controlled within the range of 70-100cm, the silt is deep, the still water or water flow is slow, and the transparency of the water is higher. The selected herbaceous species should be full and glossy, black or dark brown, 2 mm or more in length, and not less than O. 3mm, the seeds of natural wild Vallisneria are better, which can improve the child's ability to deliver.
2, sowing sowing period from the end of April to early May, the amount of 15-30g/mu. Before sowing, plant the seeds for one day and soak for one night. Rinse the seeds in the fruits, rinse them clean, and use a semi-dry semi-soiled soil for seeding and sowing. When sowing, the water level is maintained at about 10-3Ocm; if there is a large amount of water in the sowing area, the water level should be adjusted to 40-60cm.
3, the daily management Vallisneria petite at the seedling stage is more petite, slow growth, in order to promote childbirth, control of vegetative growth, the early water level is generally kept within 3Ocm. From late May to early June, it enters a period of rapid growth, and in July it can cover more than 95% of the water bottom. At this time the water level can be increased to about 7O-l00cm. In mid-July, according to the fat conditions of the waters, it is appropriate to top-dress fertilizer. Normally, 10kg of calcium phosphate or 3kg of compound fertilizer is applied per 667m2. If the sludge is thicker and the water quality is more fat, no fertilizer is needed to prevent overgrowth. From mid-August onwards, bittergrass gradually blooms, and white pollen floats on the surface of the water. After the fertilization is complete, the pedicels of the female flowers curl into a spiral and the fruit sinks into the water.
4, seed harvest
In October, the fruits began to mature and the stalks became senile and corrupt. The fruits gradually floated on the surface of the water. Usually, the fruits contained in the fruits floating in the water are less in quantity and the seeds are of poor quality; therefore, the fruit floating on the water before November 5 should be removed and discarded; the fruit floating to the surface after November 5th The quality is good, but some of the seeds in the fruit are not fully developed physiologically. They need to float on the surface of the water to develop further. Until mid-December, the seeds can be removed and dried. 12
Harvested at the end of the month. The rest of the fruit in the pool should not be left as a seed. Grass seed yield is generally about 10kg/667 square meters.
5. Pest Control Pesticide seedlings of Vallisneria are mainly leeches, especially in ponds with silty hypertrophy, which often result in low seedling germination rates. The use of carbofuran mixed soil to kill or seed dressing has a certain effect; the sowing water level is adjusted to 40-6Ocm can effectively control the amount of leeches and inhibit their harm. At the seedling stage, we should also pay attention to the prevention of herbivorous fish, livestock and poultry. In the flowering period of Vallisneria, it is mainly harmed by aphids. Using dichlorvos 800 times solution or omethoate 1000 times solution, the effect is good. So far, no other pests have been found in Vallisneria.
6. Comprehensive utilization of a small amount of seagrass, green prawns, or clams, cockroaches, squid, etc. in the aquatic planting area can effectively control ineffective delivery, increase seed production and quality, and significantly increase economic efficiency. Detained crabs are delivered in 80-120/kg, 200-300/667-m2 density, or 2000-3000/kg precocious crabs, 1,000/667 m2, and 5-10 kg/winter larvae. 667 square meters; or 500-1000 tails/667 square meters of Jianye, Heterologous Jubilee, and Eel Summer Flowers. Can produce crabs 15-4Okg/667 square meters, shrimp into 20-3Okg/square meters, or large-size fish species 40-50kg/667 square meters.
Third, the application of aquaculture Aquatic planting Vallisneria, sowing date on April 10th about 15 days is appropriate, with the amount of
50g/667 square meters.
Crab breeding water planted Vallisneria, if it is put crabs, before the application of the net mesh crab buckle pond before the application of a net about 5% -10% of the aquaculture area holding area, deducted crab first into the holding zone It is kept inside to prevent the newly emerged grasses from being eaten by the crabs. By the end of May and early June, when the seagrass coverage reaches 90%, the seining area seine can be removed. The depot crab stocking density is 300-500/667 square meters, stocking size l00-300/kg, crab return rate generally up to 7O-90%, the average raising size 150-175g; , Stocking density 1500-3000 only / 667 square meters, stocking specifications 1000-3000 / kg, Crab catch rate is generally 60-85%, average growing specifications 90-125g. Feed a small amount during the breeding period. In July-August, remove the leftover grass that is left by the crabs. In aquaculture water bodies with better protected resources, the water quality is good, and crab disease does not generally occur. Planted Vallisneria in aquaculture waters with a history of disease. If adherence to low-density stocking (l00-150/667-square-meter crab or 500-fold/667-square-meter crab of Zaochai), a higher rate of return can generally be achieved. (60 to 70% or so).
The application of large-scale crabs cultivation, the pond area should be in the l000-6667 square meters, the structure of small pots in the pool and the same normal juvenile crab cultivation pool. In mid-August, if the cultivated pond is too flourishing, it is necessary to cut part of the leaves, which accounts for about 1/3 to 1/2 of the length of the leaves. This prevents the occurrence of hypoxic-free seedlings after the lower crabs. From late August to early September, larvae of larvae breeding with high-quality Yangtze rivers and crabs will be used for the breeding of 115,000 sheep/667 square meters and stocking specifications of 1000-2000 birds/kg. There is no need to feed during the breeding period. Sprinkle lime once every 20 days with a concentration of 10 ppm. The water depth in the pool is kept at 70-80cm. Until the end of the year, the average size of crabs is 40-100/kg, and the survival rate is 50%-70%. The proportion of mature crabs in the year is generally 1%-2%, and the maximum is not more than 5%.
In the case of water depths of 1.5 to 1.5 cm in cultivated waters, the annual output of Vallisneria is in the range of 10,000 to 20,000.
Kg/667 square meters or more. In March-April, 200-300 tails/667 square meters of 25-50g cyanobacteria were planted, and grass and squid summer flowers were planted at the end of June to 115,000/667 square meters. July In the middle of the year, 12,000 to 20,000 square meters of young shrimps were placed. During the breeding period, a small amount of feed is appropriate. Toward the end of the year, grasses, squid and catfish can be used for l00-200kg/667 square meters, heterotrophic silver carp 40-60kg/667 square meters, and freshwater shrimp 10-30kg/667 square meters.
The current wild turtle market is popular, but there are few resources, and the wild culture of industrialized turtles can significantly improve the quality of turtles. The economic benefits are very significant. In February-March, 200-300kg/667 square meters of field snails were planted. In early April, wild grasses were sown with Vallisneria. In mid-April, 500-700/667 square meters of farmed soft-shelled turtles with a specification of 200-300 were placed. Grass, squid, heterotrophic silver carp species. In addition to the tame period, the bait is not fed during the breeding period. By the end of the year, the specifications of the turtle may reach 400-600 g. Its color, shape, and meat flavor are very similar to those of wild turtles, and its quality is significantly better than that of wild turtles reared in adult fish ponds.
Bobai County in Guangxi used crabs to eat leftover bitter grass, and cultivated bait biobiotic snails, which also achieved good results.
The depth of water suitable for the growth of Vallisneria is 1-2m, but in most of our country's lakes, the water depth area accounts for a considerable part of the lake area. Some domestic units have planted Vallisneria in the shallow water area of ​​the lake to carry out intensive aquaculture and achieved certain results. For example, Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province has effectively restored the water and grass vegetation in the sown waters, significantly improved the ecological environment of the waters, and promoted the sound development of the ecological environment of the waters.
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