Wild ducks raised in China today are predominantly mallards. Known also as "big ducks" or "official ducks," mallards are the ancestors of domestic ducks and belong to the waterfowl family, which includes geese and other duck species. They are found across the globe, and their production performance has improved significantly compared to their wild counterparts.
As a meat-type waterfowl, mallards have a higher slaughter rate than Beijing ducks. Female mallards can lay between 90 to 110 eggs during a laying period, with an average egg weight of about 63 grams. This is much higher than the annual egg production of domestic ducks in northern China, which is only around 60 eggs per year. Mallards are more resilient when it comes to feeding, as they can tolerate roughage better. Combining grazing with supplementary feeding can reduce feed costs by up to 15% to 20%.
Mallards are highly social birds, making them ideal for intensive farming. Their potential use in ecotourism—such as for hunting or wildlife observation—offers a new and promising avenue for modern duck farming. Additionally, their soft feathers make them excellent sources for down products, which are widely used in clothing and bedding.
Large-scale farming of mallards is still in its early stages in China, but key techniques have been developed to ensure successful breeding.
First, proper hatching conditions are essential. The incubation period for wild duck eggs is slightly shorter than that of domestic ducks, typically by 0.5 to 1 day. The initial incubation temperature can be similar to that of domestic ducks, but in the later stages, especially during hatching, it's important to increase humidity and ensure good ventilation. Also, mallard ducklings often struggle to hatch on their own, so some intervention may be necessary to assist those having difficulty breaking out of their shells.
Second, the brooding environment must avoid excessive moisture. Wild ducklings tend to gather near water sources, so it's crucial to separate drinking fountains from bedding or heat sources. A well-drained brooding area is ideal, as overly wet conditions can lead to mold growth, causing health issues such as eye infections, blindness, or diarrhea in ducklings. In severe cases, this can even result in death.
Third, the brooding temperature should not be too high. Mallard ducklings are generally hardy, but they require careful temperature management. At 1 to 3 days old, the temperature should be maintained at 29°C, then gradually reduced by 1°C every two days. After two weeks, if the outside temperature is above 20°C, the ducklings can be allowed to roam freely, though they should be warmed at night. By around three weeks of age, they are usually fully feathered. Starting the preheating process too early can lead to incomplete yolk absorption, delayed development, and weakened immunity.
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