The symptoms of ADHD are mainly manifested as excessive activity, difficulty in concentration, emotional instability, and some perceptive disorders (such as clumsiness, pronunciation, stuttering, unclear speech, etc.). The causes of ADHD are heredity, neuropsychological (eg related to delay in maturation of the central nervous system), mild brain injury, biochemistry (eg, related to defects in metabolism of central neurotransmitters), psychosocial factors, and so on. However, in daily life, many parents and friends have equated the child's activeness and child hyperactivity disorder, which expands the extension of child hyperactivity disorder artificially.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), known as ADHD in our country, is a common type of mental disorder in childhood. It is manifested as discomfort with age and developmental levels and attention to short-term, overactive and impulsive, often accompanied by learning difficulties, conduct disorders and maladaptation. Surveys at home and abroad have found that the prevalence rate is 3% to 7%, and the ratio between males and females is 4 to 9:1. Some children still have symptoms after reaching adulthood, which obviously affects their academic performance, physical and mental health, and adult family life and social skills. The difficulty in focusing attention and the short duration of attention, which are not commensurate with age, are the core symptoms of the disease. Patients often find it difficult to last while listening to lectures, doing homework or other activities, and are easily distracted by external stimuli. You can't pay attention to details in your studies or activities, often due to careless mistakes. Pay attention to maintaining difficulties, often deliberately avoiding or reluctant to engage in tasks that require a long period of time to concentrate, such as classroom work or homework. Doing things in a hurry, you cannot complete assignments or assigned tasks on time. The patient is often prone to losing and falling, often losing toys, learning appliances, forgetting the daily schedule of activities, and even forgetting the homework assigned by the teacher. Quickly react to behaviors when information is insufficient. With impulsive behavior, disregarding consequences and acting with immediate interest, he often engages in fighting or disputes with his peers, causing adverse consequences. Interrupting or interrupting others' conversations when they are speaking, they can't wait to answer first when the teacher's question is not finished, and cannot wait patiently to wait in line. Attention deficits, hyperactivity, and behavioral impulses are core symptoms of ADHD and have diagnostic value.
The difference between naughty and ADHD
In fact, naughty and medically-accepted children with ADHD are two different concepts.
Naughtiness refers to the naughtiness of normal children, and the latter is an abnormal behavioral disorder. From a medical point of view, the physical characteristics of children are: physical and mental development is very rapid, but not yet mature, so they are naive, naive, lively, energetic, seem to have endless energy, they are all things to the outside world Feeling fresh, I always wanted to feel it myself and move it to "practice."
Because children's nervous system function is dominated by the subcortical center activity, the brain's inhibition ability is not as good as that of adults. Therefore, they are active, disobedient, and are not as comfortable as adults. Therefore, children's fun, joy, and mischief are in line with Children's physiological and psychological development characteristics of the normal phenomenon. If a younger child is lonely and inactive all day long, like a “little adultâ€, it may be an abnormal phenomenon.
Some children are particularly naughty and disobedient. They keep their hands and feet from day to night. They are restless, unprepared, have no love, are noisy, have a wide range of interests, are not lasting, are impetuous, easily agitated, and have very poor self-control abilities. Destructive desire, undiscipline in school, unable to sit in class, lack of concentration, continuous action, disturbing classroom order, not interested in learning, academic performance is extremely unstable. These are the performance of children with ADHD. The children with ADHD have normal intelligence, but only due to slight disturbances in brain function and behavioral abnormalities. This disease has a tendency to heal itself with age.
Hyperactivity in children is a common abnormal behavior in children. The intelligence of children is normal or almost normal, but they have defects in learning, behavior, and mood. They are manifested as difficulty in concentration, short-term attention, too many activities, emotional irritability, and even influence. Academic achievement. Both families and schools are difficult to get along with, and parents and teachers find it difficult to educate them in daily life. Some people liken this dissonance as a symphony that lost coordination and harmony. Foreign data reported that the prevalence of ADHD in children was between 5% and 10%. There were a large number of school-age children in China, accounting for 1%-10% of all primary school children. There are more boys than girls, and preterm children suffer more from this disease.
Drug therapy can relieve some of the symptoms in the short term, and the series of adverse effects that the disease brings to patients and their families depends more on non-drug treatments.
1. Psychotherapy
There are two main ways of behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Poor patient relationships, aggressive language and behavior toward others, poor self-control. Behavioral therapy utilizes the principle of operational conditioned reflexes to positively or negatively reinforce patient behavior in a timely manner so that the patient learns appropriate social skills and replaces inappropriate behavior patterns with new and effective behaviors.
2. Drug treatment
Drugs can improve attention deficits, reduce activity levels, improve academic performance to some extent, and improve patient-family relationships in the short term.
The central stimulant first-line treatment drugs are currently mainly methylphenidate and its controlled-release tablets.
Methylphenidate, trade name Ritalin. Low doses can help improve attention, and high doses can improve symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity and reduce behavioral problems.
Central stimulants are restricted to patients older than 6 years of age. Because of the central excitement, it should not be used in the evening. The side effects of drugs include loss of appetite, insomnia, headache, irritability, and irritability, etc. It is still uncertain whether it will affect the growth and development.