First, the pollution-free cultivation techniques of Cangzhou crisp jujube:
1. Seedlings of Cangzhou fragrant jujube The seedlings of Cuizhou fragrant jujube have the same variety as other jujube varieties. There are many methods, such as ramification, cutting propagation, and grafting. But the most used method of production is grafting. The advantage is to breed more seedlings in a short period of time, facilitate the use of wild resources, save land and labor, and at the same time maintain the excellent traits of the female parent, which is earlier than the root seedlings. Where there are conditions, virus-free vaccines can be used and the best results can be obtained.
1.1 Grafting Whether it is cultivating seedlings or carrying out high-replacement head replacements for other jujube species, methods using belly joints can be used, and the survival rate can generally reach over 90%. The precautions are as follows: 1. The grafting time in Tianjin is generally from mid-April to early May. According to the phenological period, it is appropriate that the local jujube has grown to about 1 cm, and the survival rate is affected too early and too late.
1.2 Grafting method Grafted with a wax-sealed scion, usually by abdomen: Cut the scion with a pruning shear and cut it into a 3 cm long noodles. Cut the opposite side into 2 cm or so noodles, and then select the rootstock. Good grafting site, cut down with a pruning shear oblique incision, the depth of the incision according to the thickness of the rootstock and scion may be. Thick incisions are long, and thin incisions are short. Scion into the incision, long cut inward, short cut facing outward, so that the formation of the formation of the alignment, with a plastic strip to marry the joints and the rootstock tightly wound tight, this method is simple, high graft survival rate. The splicing and abdominal connection are most widely used in jujube grafting. The interface is easy to heal and the seedlings grow fast. These two methods are easy to operate and easy to grasp. The requirements for the thickness of rootstock and scion are not strict. Fine rootstocks and coarse scions can also be grafted. Afterwards, attention should be paid to the management of sprouting, watering, and weeding. Generally, seedlings are grown in the same year.
2. Selection of garden sites The air, water, and soil pollution in the jujube garden environment is an important source of polluted jujube fruit. According to the biological and ecological characteristics of jujube trees, in line with the principle of “according to local conditions and suitable for plantingâ€, it is far from cities and traffic arteries, and there are no direct sources of industrial or mine pollution and indirect sources of pollution. The invasion of dust and acid rain, especially in the upper reaches of rivers, should be free of sources of pollution. The base is 50 to 100 meters away from the highway. The area's atmosphere, soil, and irrigation water have been tested to meet national standards.
3, set up a garden
3.1 The selection of strong seedlings, a reasonable close planting must be selected when the height of 0.8m, basic diameter of 0.8 cm or more, lateral root more seedlings to achieve complete root system. Before planting, the roots should be refurbished first, and the length of roots should be kept more than 20cm. Then, they should be soaked with 5010PPM ABT rooting powder solution for 1-1.5 hours and then rooted with mud. In order to obtain early yield, dense planting can be carried out, and the row spacing should be controlled at 23m or 13m, and 110 or 222 acres can be planted. In accordance with the planting spacing, dig a width of 60cm and a depth of 80cm to separate the topsoil from the subsoil. Place a 10cm thick wheat straw at the bottom of the ditch, and mix the earthen miscellaneous fertilizer with the topsoil to evenly fill the ditch. When the soil is backfilled and separated from the upper mouth by 20 cm, a water-retaining agent is applied in the ditch. The amount per mu is 2 kg, and the final irrigation is performed. General Mushi organic fertilizer 3000kg. After planting, fill enough water and cover with soil.
3.1 Covering the membrane with warming and keeping the date jujube planting time should be timely, it is best to plant when the jujube bud eye is significantly enlarged, can not be too early or too late, the phenomenon of delaying germination will often appear too late, mainly due to the soil Water shortage and ground temperature are too low, and the temperature required for jujube tree sprouts is high. The colonization is too early and the temperature is too low. Instead, it increases the water evaporation of the main trunk and reduces the survival rate. Covering film is an effective measure to increase the temperature and protect the skin and promote root growth. Jujube seedlings poured water after planting, and the soil was covered with plastic after the water infiltration. A plastic film can be used to cover the tree tray, which has a good effect on moisturizing and promoting root growth.
3.2 trunk bagging Seedlings after planting, then set the dry, dry height should not be high, usually about 60 cm. Then use a plastic bag with a length of 60 cm and a width of 2 cm to put on the trunk and fasten the upper and lower mouths. After the growth of the new shoot is 1 cm long, the upper mouth will be released, or holes will be punched in the bag to make it new. The leaves gradually adapt to changes in the outside air temperature. This method can greatly reduce the water evaporation of the seedlings, and the survival rate can reach over 95%. The effect is even more pronounced in areas with drought and less rain.
3.3 Pre-emergence germination techniques of jujube seedlings Because jujube trees naturally leave eyes for a long time, up to 6 months, affected by external conditions, direct planting will affect the survival rate of seedlings, so pre-emergence pregermination technology can significantly improve the survival rate . Methods as below:
3.3.1 Planting Seedlings In the fall or in the early spring, early March, thawed out the nursery, select the strongest seedlings with a base diameter of 0.8 cm, height of 80 cm, 3 lateral roots, and a length of 15 cm or more, and then cut all the branches on the seedlings. And cut and cut the wound on the roots, and at the same time set the dry, set the height of 30 to 40 cm. The roots of the seedlings were soaked in 50 PPM ABT rooting powder for 30 minutes, and then placed in plastic or earthenware bowls with a diameter of 30 cm above the top and 20 cm in height. Adding the mature soil:sand: The proportion of the organic fertilizers was decomposed 7:2:1, after planting, put it in a prepared greenhouse, indoors to make a north-south direction, a width of 1.5 meters, and a depth of 25 centimeters. Place the nutrients in the crucible at one end of the crucible and fill it with earth. Then fill the water. Solid.
3.3.2 Temperature and Humidity Management After the seedlings enter the greenhouse, they cannot warm up too quickly, otherwise the phenomenon of rooting after germination will occur, affecting the survival rate. The temperature must be divided into three phases: during the previous week, the temperature should be kept at 12-15 degrees during the day, about 10 degrees at night, and 60% humidity. In the second stage, the temperature should be 15 to 20 degrees and 15 degrees at night during 8 to 14 days. 65%. The third stage, after the third week, is 20 to 25 degrees during the day to germinate, after which it can reach 28 to 30 degrees, the night temperature is about 20 degrees, and the humidity is 80%. One week after leaf development, the foliar was sprayed with a 500-fold urea solution, followed by a 300-fold urea solution and 300-fold potassium dihydrogen phosphate two or three times every 10 days. In late April. When the new shoot grows to 20-30%, it begins to be ventilated, and the seedlings are smelted to adapt to the outside environment. It can be planted into the field in mid-to-late May. This method can increase survival by more than 50%.
4. Applying organic fertilization by applying fertilization and irrigation to the leaves one month before the end of autumn leaves, the emphasis is to apply more manure and green manure in order to improve the soil properties and increase the organic matter content of the soil. At this time, the root system has a strong absorption capacity, and the light has a higher total light capacity. The fertilizer applied can be fully absorbed to increase the utilization of fertilizer and to exert its fertilizer efficiency. Fertilization method can be used to cast strips of groove, 60 cm from the trunk in the row, dig deep and 70 cm wide trenches, organic fertilizer to add the appropriate amount of special fertilizer for fruit trees, Mushi dedicated fertilizer 75 kg. How much fertilizer should be applied in the growing season should be tested first, according to the effective composition of the soil, and the characteristics of the required fertilizer in jujube, and scientifically fertilized. According to the characteristics of the phenophase of the jujube phenophase, it is usually carried out three times a year. The first time before germination (in early April), the second time before flowering (in mid-May and later), the third time in the young fruit expansion period (late June to late July), the young tree is treated with nitrogen fertilizer. The main, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium mixture ratio is 1:0.5:0.6. After entering July, combined with the pest control of jujube, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added for extra-root dressing and sprayed continuously for 2 to 3 times. Since the drought resistance of Cangzhou crisp jujube is very strong, the demand for water is not high, but in places where there are irrigation conditions, winter water can be fed before the budding flower, the early flowering period and the fruit expansion period.
In an orchard with little rainfall or waterless conditions in the mountains, weeds can be used to cover under the jujube tree to maintain moisture during summer vigorous weed growth. Increase the role of soil organic matter.
5.Strengthen the management of the tree. Because of the early results and the high yield, the jujube brittle jujube has a small annual growth and a moderate growth. In the sapling stage, the focus is on cultivating tree growth, cutting and promoting the branches, and speeding up the formation. To reduce the amount of results as much as possible, due to tree branching, due to pruning branches, reasonable shaping, improve lighting conditions. Summer shearing uses topping, thinning and removing sprouts to regulate nutrient distribution. The combination of promotion and control allows them to form the crown of results as soon as possible, and actively cultivate the tree of high yield at the same time as the result. According to the characteristics of the variety, it can be cultivated into a tree structure with high yield. The most suitable tree shape for Cangzhou crisp jujube is slender spine shape: Its tree structure is about 50cm high and 1.5~2.0m high. It directly arranges 6 to 7 fruiting branches on the center leading cadre. The spiral is evenly arranged, leaving 5 to 10 branches of 2 branches each time. The diameter of the crown is 1. to 1.50 m. It is cylindrical and suitable for dense planting. The space inside the crown is large, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission and is suitable for high yield cultivation.
6, to strengthen the flowering management, Baohua Baoguo fruit in the state of jujube flowering, long flowering, fruit set rate is very high, and the phenomenon of light fruit drop during growth. The fruit set rate is 10% higher than other jujube trees, but the following technical measures may be taken if there are special adverse weather conditions.
(1) A mixture of 10 mg/L gibberellic acid + 0.3% borax is sprayed before 9:00 AM or after 5 PM.
(2) jujube tree open A jujube tree armor can play a role in regulating the tree's nutrition. On vigorously growing jujube trees, the phloem is cut through the open armor, and the nutrients produced by the leaves are concentrated to supply flowering and fruit set. During the flowering period, the main ring is circumcision 15cm from the ground, the width is one-tenth of the trunk, deep to the xylem, but does not hurt the xylem, after peeling the wound with a plastic film can be wrapped. Trunk ring cutting is a major technical measure for increasing the production of jujube trees, which can increase the fruit setting rate by more than 30%.
(3) Jujube head topping heart When the newborn jujube head grows to 25~30cm, the jujube head topping can control the growth of the development branch and increase the growth of the branch. Generally, it is a weak branch light-heart-picking, and a strong branch is heavy to pick up the heart. It plays a role in weakening the top edge, controlling the growth of jujube heads, reducing nutrient consumption, relieving the conflict between new shoots and flowers and fruits, and promoting fruit set.
(4) Sprinkling water during flowering period The jujube tree is in hot and dry weather at its flowering stage, and it is prone to dehydration and dehydration of the jujube head. Spray water on the canopy at this time to increase the air humidity, which is conducive to pollination. Water spray should be sprayed best at night, it can extend the wet time of leaves and flowers, and it is very effective for improving fruit set rate.
7, to strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases Pests of Cangzhou fragrant jujube mainly peach borer, juvenile Mosquito, red spider, jujube fruit disease. According to the occurrence of pests and diseases, a comprehensive prevention and control method combining artificial, physical and chemical prevention and control shall be adopted in a timely manner.
7.1 Artificial control After the deciduous trees are defoliated, the weeds, fruits, and fallen leaves in the garden are completely removed and destroyed. Applying a circle of sticky shellac around the trunk before germination can effectively control all kinds of insect pests with up and down migration habits. The physical control methods mainly use sex attractants to trap chemotaxis pests. For example, they can trap male adults of peach borer, making them unable to mating and spawning and controlling their occurrence.
7.2 Chemical control Spray the whole tree with 5 degree lime sulfur before germination to reduce the number of pathogens. The imidacloprid + chrysanthemum lipids were sprayed from late April to late May to prevent and control green-letter lice, date worms, and food buds. In May and June, each of them sprayed 2,000-fold death nets to prevent and control spider mites. In the late July, they began to spray bactericides such as thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim every 15 days, and 1:2:200-fold Bordeaux mixture. Used alternately, the control effect is very good.
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