The high content of sweet potato, vitamins, cellulose, physiological alkalinity, special functions such as mucin, etc., help maintain the body's acid-base balance, reduce the body's own chance of poisoning, delay the aging process, inhibit the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, and prevent breast cancer. In 2005, Weihai City, Shandong Province, introduced the Japanese processing of sweet potato varieties Yufeng, the use of biotechnology breeding of virus-free seed potatoes, the use of greenhouse large-scale early seedlings, Daejeon high-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques, the use of sunlight greenhouse large storage delay supply, three-dimensional drying series Measures for industrial development have effectively promoted the development of local sweet potato planting and processing industries.
Weihai is a temperate continental monsoon climate. Compared with inland areas at the same latitude, Weihai has the characteristics of warm winter, cool in summer, cold in spring and autumn in four seasons. The city’s annual average temperature was 11.5°C, with an average rainfall of 778.4mm, an average of 2569.4 hours of sunshine, and an average annual sunshine percentage of 58%. The city's arable land area is 171,900 hectares and hills are 52.38%. The main soil type is brown earth, suitable for sweet potato planting, with high yield and good quality.
First, seedling breeding technology
1. Straw bioreactor seedling raising method: The technology uses straw as raw material and uses microbial strains to convert straw into carbon dioxide, heat, antibacterial spores and various organic and inorganic nutrients needed for the growth of crops, thereby realizing the replacement of straw with straw. Fertilizers promote the rapid growth of crops and truly achieve high yields, quality, low consumption and safety.
(1) Prepare the bed for the site preparation: level the ground, open the ditch, the width of the ditch is 80 to 100 cm, and the depth is 30 cm. Release the soil on both sides. Place the stalks in the ditch, practise and fill it. The thickness is 30 cm. The two ends of the ditch are exposed. 10 cm of straw, and then according to the amount of bacteria needed per ditch (1 day before use, according to 1 kg of bacteria mixed with 20 kg of wheat bran, mixed evenly, plus 18 kg of water are mixed, accumulated 3 to 4 hours, Can be spread to the straw.If the day is not finished, it should be spread in the indoor and shade, thickness 5 ~ 8 cm, continue to use the next day, used within three days), evenly sprinkled on the straw. Then pour small water moist orange stalk, to be drilled after 5 days. Puncture with No. 14 steel bar, according to a line of 30 cm, a hole of 20 cm, hole depth to penetrate through the straw layer, and then according to the greenhouse span for the bed.
(2) Sterilization of Seed Potatoes: Pick out diseased, rotten, and miscellaneous species of potatoes, and put them into plastic baskets to prepare them for disinfection by soaking seeds. Disinfect the seeds with a warm soup soaking seeds. The method is to put the seed potatoes up and down in warm water at about 56°C. 2 minutes, when the water temperature drops to about 52°C, keep the water temperature and soak for 8 minutes.
(3) Seed potato goes to bed: plant seed potatoes with oblique row method, with head and tail pressure 1/4, seed potatoes must be top-up, try to keep the upper end of seed potatoes at the same level. The thickness of the cover soil is 3 to 5 centimeters. It is soaked with warm water at about 30[deg.] C., and then covered with soil to prevent exposure of seed potatoes.
(4) Greenhouse disinfection: 3 grams of sulphur powder per square meter + 5 grams of sawdust, and smoking begins at about 7 o'clock in the evening and sterilizes overnight. It is best to keep the room temperature at about 20°C when smoke is smoked in order to kill the germs.
(5) Emergence management: Before emergence, cover the film insulation and moisture. The film was uncovered during the day and covered at night. The temperature of the seedbed was maintained at about 30°C before emergence, and 25 to 28°C after emergence. The seedlings were grown at about 20°C before cutting. When the seedlings come out, there are more openings on the bed surface and they are prone to losing water. At this time, small water should be poured in time to seal the opening. After emergence, the amount of transpiration is large, and watering should be timely according to the humidity of the seedbed. Before cutting the seedlings, see whether it is necessary to water according to the public opinion to prevent the lack of water. And combined with watering 20 grams of urea per square meter, seedling light to be adequate, timely deduction, timely cutting seedlings.
(6) Pest control: Seedling diseases are mainly transmitted through seed potatoes, such as black spot and soft rot. Therefore, seed potatoes must be carefully selected before going to bed and thoroughly disinfected. Physiological diseases are mainly cold injury, heat injury, and lack of oxygen. Cold damage is harvested or frozen during storage. Therefore, seed potatoes must be harvested before frost falls. Injurious heat is not timely in greenhouse ventilation. Anoxic is thick in soil and watered. Caused more. Therefore, we must strengthen seedling management, if found in local decay should be timely soil removal seed potatoes, with 50% thiophanate-methyl disinfectant after reseeding, such as the detection of aphid with 20% imidacloprid 2500 times prevention and treatment.
2. Electric hotbed nursery (1) Site preparation bed: leveling the ground, as the north-south direction, the width of 80-100 centimeters, the width of the back 40 centimeters, the depth of 10 centimeters, the length varies with the greenhouse span. The bottom of the raft is flattened with a foam board, covered with a layer of non-woven fabric, and then spread into a depth of 1/3 of the bed soil. Install wires on it, with a line spacing of 10-15 cm. Finally, about 10 cm of fertile bed soil was spread, and 50 g of diammonium phosphate was added per square meter.
(2) Other methods of operation are the same with straw reflecting the method of raising seedlings.
Second, high-yield cultivation techniques
1. Soil fertilization: sweet potato requires deep soil, loose soil, well ventilated sandy loam or light loam, pH 5 ~ 7 is appropriate. General deep plowing about 30 cm, combined with arable land Mushi organic fertilizer 3000 to 4000 kg, ternary compound fertilizer 50 kg. Generally used high ridge, large ridge, ridge distance of about 90 to 100 cm, ridge height of about 30 cm.
2. Timely planting: After the average night frost, the average temperature is stable above 15°C, and the 5 cm ground temperature is around 17 to 18°C, which is the best period. The general time is from May 10 to May 20. Since this species is a sparse variety, the average plant spacing is about 25 cm, and about 3000 to 3300 plants are planted in acres. When planting strong seedlings, and a few days in advance hardening seedlings, and 70% of thiophanate-methyl 700 times, the base of the potato seedlings soaked for 10 to 15 minutes. The planting method is a straight-line method with a depth of about 5 to 8 cm. The cover soil must be solid, and the seedlings should be in close contact with the soil so as to absorb the soil water in time so that the roots can be rooted earlier and the seedlings can grow quickly. Then combine the application of a water-filling agent to irrigate the water, seal the lid tightly, and erect the potato seedlings. When planting, use the wet soil to hold the seedlings, cover the surface with fine soil, and prevent the runners from running through the air.
3. Field management: After planting, timely spraying herbicide acetochlor, be careful not to spray on the potato seedlings. With the continuous growth of potato seedlings, sometimes there may be prosperous phenomenon, it should be sprayed in a timely manner, 50 grams per mu. Spray 0.2% borax solution during the expansion period to promote root swelling, and watering 1 to 2 times according to flooding, timely cranberry root cut, reduce the loss of invalid small potatoes and nutrients.
4. Control of pests: When ridging, combined with ridging muslim with 1 kg of phoxim WP, can effectively kill the underground pests. The method of prevention and control of ground pests is to turn sweet potato fields deep before winter and freeze dead eggs.
5. Harvest: Must harvest before the advent of frost, if the harvest is too late, the roots are often affected by low-temperature chilling, intolerance to storage, the internal starch hydrolysis, into sugar and water, drying rate decreased. In addition, when harvesting, the soil should not be too dry or too wet. Generally, it should be cut on a sunny day and harvested on a sunny day. After the potato block is sunned in the field, it should be basketed in plastic baskets in the afternoon to prevent rubbing and freezing.
Weihai is a temperate continental monsoon climate. Compared with inland areas at the same latitude, Weihai has the characteristics of warm winter, cool in summer, cold in spring and autumn in four seasons. The city’s annual average temperature was 11.5°C, with an average rainfall of 778.4mm, an average of 2569.4 hours of sunshine, and an average annual sunshine percentage of 58%. The city's arable land area is 171,900 hectares and hills are 52.38%. The main soil type is brown earth, suitable for sweet potato planting, with high yield and good quality.
First, seedling breeding technology
1. Straw bioreactor seedling raising method: The technology uses straw as raw material and uses microbial strains to convert straw into carbon dioxide, heat, antibacterial spores and various organic and inorganic nutrients needed for the growth of crops, thereby realizing the replacement of straw with straw. Fertilizers promote the rapid growth of crops and truly achieve high yields, quality, low consumption and safety.
(1) Prepare the bed for the site preparation: level the ground, open the ditch, the width of the ditch is 80 to 100 cm, and the depth is 30 cm. Release the soil on both sides. Place the stalks in the ditch, practise and fill it. The thickness is 30 cm. The two ends of the ditch are exposed. 10 cm of straw, and then according to the amount of bacteria needed per ditch (1 day before use, according to 1 kg of bacteria mixed with 20 kg of wheat bran, mixed evenly, plus 18 kg of water are mixed, accumulated 3 to 4 hours, Can be spread to the straw.If the day is not finished, it should be spread in the indoor and shade, thickness 5 ~ 8 cm, continue to use the next day, used within three days), evenly sprinkled on the straw. Then pour small water moist orange stalk, to be drilled after 5 days. Puncture with No. 14 steel bar, according to a line of 30 cm, a hole of 20 cm, hole depth to penetrate through the straw layer, and then according to the greenhouse span for the bed.
(2) Sterilization of Seed Potatoes: Pick out diseased, rotten, and miscellaneous species of potatoes, and put them into plastic baskets to prepare them for disinfection by soaking seeds. Disinfect the seeds with a warm soup soaking seeds. The method is to put the seed potatoes up and down in warm water at about 56°C. 2 minutes, when the water temperature drops to about 52°C, keep the water temperature and soak for 8 minutes.
(3) Seed potato goes to bed: plant seed potatoes with oblique row method, with head and tail pressure 1/4, seed potatoes must be top-up, try to keep the upper end of seed potatoes at the same level. The thickness of the cover soil is 3 to 5 centimeters. It is soaked with warm water at about 30[deg.] C., and then covered with soil to prevent exposure of seed potatoes.
(4) Greenhouse disinfection: 3 grams of sulphur powder per square meter + 5 grams of sawdust, and smoking begins at about 7 o'clock in the evening and sterilizes overnight. It is best to keep the room temperature at about 20°C when smoke is smoked in order to kill the germs.
(5) Emergence management: Before emergence, cover the film insulation and moisture. The film was uncovered during the day and covered at night. The temperature of the seedbed was maintained at about 30°C before emergence, and 25 to 28°C after emergence. The seedlings were grown at about 20°C before cutting. When the seedlings come out, there are more openings on the bed surface and they are prone to losing water. At this time, small water should be poured in time to seal the opening. After emergence, the amount of transpiration is large, and watering should be timely according to the humidity of the seedbed. Before cutting the seedlings, see whether it is necessary to water according to the public opinion to prevent the lack of water. And combined with watering 20 grams of urea per square meter, seedling light to be adequate, timely deduction, timely cutting seedlings.
(6) Pest control: Seedling diseases are mainly transmitted through seed potatoes, such as black spot and soft rot. Therefore, seed potatoes must be carefully selected before going to bed and thoroughly disinfected. Physiological diseases are mainly cold injury, heat injury, and lack of oxygen. Cold damage is harvested or frozen during storage. Therefore, seed potatoes must be harvested before frost falls. Injurious heat is not timely in greenhouse ventilation. Anoxic is thick in soil and watered. Caused more. Therefore, we must strengthen seedling management, if found in local decay should be timely soil removal seed potatoes, with 50% thiophanate-methyl disinfectant after reseeding, such as the detection of aphid with 20% imidacloprid 2500 times prevention and treatment.
2. Electric hotbed nursery (1) Site preparation bed: leveling the ground, as the north-south direction, the width of 80-100 centimeters, the width of the back 40 centimeters, the depth of 10 centimeters, the length varies with the greenhouse span. The bottom of the raft is flattened with a foam board, covered with a layer of non-woven fabric, and then spread into a depth of 1/3 of the bed soil. Install wires on it, with a line spacing of 10-15 cm. Finally, about 10 cm of fertile bed soil was spread, and 50 g of diammonium phosphate was added per square meter.
(2) Other methods of operation are the same with straw reflecting the method of raising seedlings.
Second, high-yield cultivation techniques
1. Soil fertilization: sweet potato requires deep soil, loose soil, well ventilated sandy loam or light loam, pH 5 ~ 7 is appropriate. General deep plowing about 30 cm, combined with arable land Mushi organic fertilizer 3000 to 4000 kg, ternary compound fertilizer 50 kg. Generally used high ridge, large ridge, ridge distance of about 90 to 100 cm, ridge height of about 30 cm.
2. Timely planting: After the average night frost, the average temperature is stable above 15°C, and the 5 cm ground temperature is around 17 to 18°C, which is the best period. The general time is from May 10 to May 20. Since this species is a sparse variety, the average plant spacing is about 25 cm, and about 3000 to 3300 plants are planted in acres. When planting strong seedlings, and a few days in advance hardening seedlings, and 70% of thiophanate-methyl 700 times, the base of the potato seedlings soaked for 10 to 15 minutes. The planting method is a straight-line method with a depth of about 5 to 8 cm. The cover soil must be solid, and the seedlings should be in close contact with the soil so as to absorb the soil water in time so that the roots can be rooted earlier and the seedlings can grow quickly. Then combine the application of a water-filling agent to irrigate the water, seal the lid tightly, and erect the potato seedlings. When planting, use the wet soil to hold the seedlings, cover the surface with fine soil, and prevent the runners from running through the air.
3. Field management: After planting, timely spraying herbicide acetochlor, be careful not to spray on the potato seedlings. With the continuous growth of potato seedlings, sometimes there may be prosperous phenomenon, it should be sprayed in a timely manner, 50 grams per mu. Spray 0.2% borax solution during the expansion period to promote root swelling, and watering 1 to 2 times according to flooding, timely cranberry root cut, reduce the loss of invalid small potatoes and nutrients.
4. Control of pests: When ridging, combined with ridging muslim with 1 kg of phoxim WP, can effectively kill the underground pests. The method of prevention and control of ground pests is to turn sweet potato fields deep before winter and freeze dead eggs.
5. Harvest: Must harvest before the advent of frost, if the harvest is too late, the roots are often affected by low-temperature chilling, intolerance to storage, the internal starch hydrolysis, into sugar and water, drying rate decreased. In addition, when harvesting, the soil should not be too dry or too wet. Generally, it should be cut on a sunny day and harvested on a sunny day. After the potato block is sunned in the field, it should be basketed in plastic baskets in the afternoon to prevent rubbing and freezing.
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