After years of practical experience in cultivation, the authors have found that using broad bean stalks to grow straw mushrooms yields 2-3 times more than using rice straw, and can even match the productivity of cottonseed hulls. For every 100 kg of raw material, approximately 40 kg of fresh straw mushrooms can be harvested, generating income of over 400 yuan.
1. **Raw Material Preparation**
Once the beans are threshed, the stalks are thoroughly dried. They are then crushed into small pieces measuring 5–10 cm using a mortar or mechanical rolling. This process ensures the material is suitable for further processing.
2. **Cultivation Formula**
The formula consists of 80% broad bean stalks, 10% dry cow dung powder, 4% wheat bran or rice bran, 2% rapeseed cake powder, 2% superphosphate, and 2% gypsum powder. An additional 5% lime powder is added to adjust the pH. The final mixture should have a pH of around 9 and a moisture content of 65%.
3. **Heap Fermentation**
Before fermentation, the broad bean stalks are fully pre-wetted with lime water. The other ingredients, including cow dung powder, are mixed well and pre-wetted with a 1:500 dilution of carbendazim solution. The heap is built by layering 20 cm of broad bean stalks, followed by a layer of the mixed materials. This process is repeated until the pile reaches a height of about 1 meter. If the moisture is insufficient, lime water is added in layers. After construction, the sides of the pile are moistened and allowed to ferment.
4. **Turning the Heap**
When the internal temperature reaches 60°C, the heap is turned after 48 hours. The materials inside and outside are exchanged, and the pile is rebuilt. When the temperature rises again above 60°C, it is left for another 24 hours before being turned once more. This process is repeated 3–4 times over a total fermentation period of 7–8 days. Each time the heap is turned, the moisture level is checked and adjusted as needed. Lime water is added if necessary. At the end of fermentation, the material should be dark brown, soft, and elastic, free from bacteria or pests, with no ammonia or sour odors. It should also contain many white actinomycetes, with a pH of 9 and moisture content of 65%, indicating high-quality culture material.
5. **Inoculation**
The "two-stage cultivation method" is recommended. Using 24×45 cm polyethylene plastic bags, the material is inoculated with two layers of mycelium. Once the bag is fully colonized, the bag is removed and covered with fermented fire soil mushroom compost, which helps increase yield. Alternatively, large beds can be used with a wave planting method, where two layers of material are broadcast with two species of spawn. A 2 cm thick layer of nutrient soil is placed on top of the material, and the area is sealed to encourage mycelium growth.
6. **Fruiting Management**
After sowing, the temperature should be maintained around 30°C. Within 7–8 days, the mycelium will fully colonize the substrate. When the primordia begin to form, the air humidity should be increased to 90% to support proper development. When the fruiting bodies reach the size of broad beans, water should be sprayed 3–4 times daily. The water temperature should match the ambient temperature, avoiding cold tap or deep well water, which could damage the mushrooms. After watering, ventilation is essential to supply oxygen. Harvesting typically occurs 3–4 days after the first signs of fruiting.
7. **Harvesting**
Mushrooms should be harvested when the fruiting body changes color from dark to light, and the veil is tightly covering the cap or slightly separates from the stem. Harvesting should be done 2–3 times per day. Under normal conditions, 3–4 harvests can be made within a 30-day cycle, ensuring consistent and profitable production.
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