Biogas slurry and biogas residue technology applied to vegetables

As a clean and pollution-free energy source, biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials, and the byproducts—biogas residue and slurry—can be effectively utilized as high-quality organic fertilizers in agricultural practices. Studies have shown that a biogas digester with a capacity of 8–10 cubic meters can provide sufficient fertilizer for 4–5 mu of farmland, significantly supporting crop growth. The application of biogas-based fertilizers on vegetables has proven highly effective, leading to increased yields, improved quality, stronger plant resistance, and reduced input costs, especially for pesticides and chemical fertilizers. This eco-friendly approach not only meets pollution-free standards but also promotes sustainable development in ecological agriculture. Below are the key technical methods for using biogas residue and slurry: 1. **Using Biogas Residue as Base Fertilizer**: When transplanting vegetable seedlings, it's recommended to apply 2000 kg of well-decomposed biogas residue per mu. Mix this with the excavated garden soil in the planting hole. For large-scale or on-demand vegetable planting, the seeding method is typically used for applying base fertilizer. For crops like pumpkins, wax gourds, cucumbers, and tomatoes, the "large hole fertilizer" method is commonly applied, where 3000 kg of biogas residue per mu is mixed with 35 kg of superphosphate and 100 kg of wood ash along with some domestic waste. After filling the hole, cover it with about 5–10 cm of garden soil, water immediately after planting, and then cover with straw or wheat straw to retain moisture. 2. **Applying Biogas Slurry as Top-Dressing**: Biogas slurry is usually applied through two main methods: root irrigation and foliar spraying. The amount of slurry poured around the roots depends on the type of vegetable, generally ranging from 500 to 3000 kg per mu. It should be applied during sunny weather or in the late evening, avoiding rainy days or overly wet soil conditions. Before foliar spraying, the slurry must be filtered through a gauze cloth to remove any impurities. During the green leaf stage of vegetables, the slurry should be diluted with water at a 1:1 ratio, with an application rate of 40–50 kg per mu. It should be done when the dew is dry, preferably in the evening during summer, and avoid spraying at noon or during rain. Leafy vegetables can be fertilized throughout the growing season, and biogas slurry can even be combined with disease control treatments. For melons, it is most effective during the budding, flowering, and fruit enlargement stages, with 3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate added to enhance growth and fruit quality.

Epichlorohydrin (ECH)

Epichlorohydrin, 3-Chloro-1, 2 - epoxypropene, chloropropylene oxide ,ECH .

Molecular Formula: CH2OCHCH2Cl, C3H5OCl

Properties: It is a volatile, unstable colorless liquid with irritating odor similar to chloroform and ether. Molecular weight is 92.85, density, 1.1806g/cm3, boiling point, 116.11°C, freezing point, -57.2°C, refractive index (nd20), 1.4382, flash point (open cup), 40.6°C, and ignition point, 415°C. It is slightly soluble in water, miscible with many organic solvents, and able to generate azeotrope with a variety of organic liquids.

Main Applications:
Epichlorohydrin is an important organic industrial chemical and a chlorine-consuming product in fine chemicals, mainly for producing epoxy resin, synthetic glycerin, epichlorohydrin rubber, nitroglycerine explosives, glass fiber reinforced plastics, and electrical insulation products, which are widely used in the chemical industry, light industry, transportation, medicine, electronics and other fields. It also can be used as solvent for cellulose ester, resin, and cellulose ether, and the raw material of plasticizer, stabilizer, surfactant, and chloroprene rubber.

Toxicity and Protection: It is highly toxic, absorbed through the skin, and irritating to skin and mucous membranes. In higher concentrations, it has the function of narcotism. When poisoning occurs, there will be eye irritation, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, lacrimation, cough, fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, nausea and other symptoms. Serious poisoning may lead to anesthesia or even lung, liver or kidney damages. Lethal concentration of human beings is 20ppm. Lethal dose of rat is 5090mg/kg. The maximum allowable concentration in air is 5ppm (18mg/m3). Production equipment needs to be closed, air, circulating, and the operator, wear protective equipment. In addition, due to intense auto polymerization, epichlorohydrin can not be heated in the fire in case of container burst. As for reaction as reagent, it is appropriate to be diluted with inert solvent and slowly added.

Packaging, Storage and Transport:
As ferric chloride or stannic chloride can promote auto polymerization, epichlorohydrin should be stored in dry, clean iron barrel, 200kg each, and kept in a cool, ventilated, and dry place, away from fire and heat. Store and transport in accordance with the provisions of flammable toxic substances.

EPICHLOROHYDRIN SPECIFICATION DATA SHEET

ITEMS	GUARANTEED SPEC
PURITY% (m/m)≥	99.9
DENSITY g/cm3	1.180-1.183
COLOR(pt-co)≤	10
MOISTURE%(m/m)≤	0.05

Epichlorohydrin (Ech),Epichlorohydrin 106-89-8,99.9% Epichlorohydrin,High Quality Epichlorohydrin

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