Soybean is one of the major food crops in China and has special nutritional value. It is also a very good crop for crop rotation. Therefore, the development of soybean production is not only necessary for national economy and people's livelihood, but also indispensable for agricultural production land.
First, the physiological characteristics of low-yield soybeans Soybeans are generally considered to be low-yielding crops. Under the same fertility conditions, soybean production is only equivalent to 1/3 to 1/2 of corn.
1. The soybean protein content is 40%, fat 20%, and carbohydrate 35%. The corresponding contents of corn were 10%, 4%, and 84% respectively. The energy consumed and stored for each 100 kg of soybean grain formed is 3 647.69 kJ, and the energy consumed and stored for forming 100 kg of corn is 1 685.98 kJ, which is one of the important reasons for the lower yield of soybean than corn.
2. Soybean plants have less photosynthetic accumulation and more respiratory consumption. Photosynthetic intensity (ie photosynthetic capacity), photosynthetic area (leaf area), photosynthetic time (mainly refers to the length of growth period), respiratory consumption, economic coefficient and other factors determine the level of soybean production. Compared with corn, soybeans have lower photosynthetic intensity and more respiratory consumption. The net photosynthetic intensity of soybean was 18.0-32.3 mg CO2/dm2h, while the net photosynthetic intensity of corn reached 51.0-58.5 mg CO2/dm2h.
3. The utilization of light energy in soybean fields is not high. Soybean plants are shorter than corn and the leaves are horizontally distributed. After the ridges are enclosed, except for the top leaves with good light, the middle and lower leaves are shaded and their light conditions are poor. While corn is tall, each layer of leaves can receive sunlight, and the lower middle is also better. Moreover, the light saturation point of soybean is low, and the light saturation point is generally 21,000 Lx at 0.3% (CO2 concentration). The light saturation point of corn is up to 100,000 Lx. It shows that at noon in summer and autumn, soybean can not effectively carry out photosynthesis, while corn can.
Second, the composition of soybean production factors and measures to improve soybean yield = number of plants per plant per unit of grain per grain weight. The product will only increase if each factor grows and coordinates with each other. However, the number of plants and the number of plants per plant are in the opposite direction. In terms of high-yielding fields, the number of plants is easy to reach, and the number of pods per plant and the weight of each cultivar are generally affected by the cultivar and the change is not significant. The grain weight is greatly influenced by the moisture, but relative to In terms of the number of turns, the change is still small. Among several factors, the greatest change in the number of pods is the dominant factor that determines the yield of soybean. Increasing the number of pods per plant is the main goal of cultivation. According to the research, the number of single plant lines is mainly affected by the number of main stem sections, and the number of main stem sections is determined by the cultivation conditions and varieties. The main traits for selecting high-yielding varieties are the number of pods per plant, and the cultivation conditions are mainly water and fertilizer conditions and density, and the development status of the population is closely related to the light receiving conditions. Under the same density conditions, different field arrangements have different lighting conditions for soybeans, and the yield difference is also obvious. Therefore, equal-distance seeding artificial hand-seedlings is an effective measure to increase production.
Third, high-yield cultivation techniques
1. Breeding and selection of soybean varieties with wide adaptability, resistance and disease resistance, high purity, no pests and diseases, ensure that the seed germination rate is above 90%, the photosynthetic efficiency is high, and the light transmittance of the leaves is high. Convergence of many varieties of high yield, such as Pingdou 2, Qihuang 29, Xudou 12, Zhonghuang 13 and so on. Seed screening and drying before sowing. When selecting seeds, select large, high-purity soybean seeds without pests and diseases. Seed treatment before sowing. The use of pesticides, rhizobia seed dressing or seed coating. When seed dressings are used, 50% carbendazim is used to seed seed at 0.4% of the seed weight to control root rot. Seed dressing with the broadcast with the broadcast, the treated seeds should not be overnight.
2, strong seedlings generally use wide and narrow seeding, row spacing 40cm, spacing 12~14cm. Check the seedlings after the emergence of soybeans. Poor soil moisture, robbers sowing, the emergence of a larger gasket area of ​​seedlings, it is necessary to promptly fill the seed. Soybean leaves are cultivated and cultivated in 3 leaves, usually 2 or 3 times in tillage, and the depth of earthworms does not exceed 3 cm. Soybean seedlings are to be seeded with 3 to 5 leaves of soybean, and artificial seedlings are generally used to distribute soybean plants evenly. When weak seedlings were removed, weak seedlings, diseased seedlings, young seedlings, and miscellaneous strains were planted, and seedlings were planted, and strong seedlings and good seedlings were kept. The seedlings were fully seedlings, seedlings, seedlings, and seedlings were all guaranteed. The seedling density of early-maturing varieties was 225,000 to 270000 plants/hm2, and the late-maturing varieties were 180 to 195,000 plants/hm2.
3, fertilization summer soybeans are generally sow planting, mainly to topdressing. In the soil where the soil fertility is low, pure nitrogen should be applied at 90 to 105 kg/hm2, phosphorus pentoxide 60 to 90 kg/hm2, and potassium oxide 60 to 90 kg/hm2 at the early flowering stage in mid-July; 60~75kg/hm2, phosphorus pentoxide 120~150kg/hm2, potassium oxide 120~150kg/hm2. The topdressing method is to be applied as a trench. After the pod grain stage, the roots of the plants began to age and the absorption capacity decreased. Soybeans often cause yellow leaves due to lack of fertilizer, weak growth, fewer flower buds, and more shedding. In the flowering stage, the fertilizer can be applied 3 times by spraying fertilizer, using urea 7.5~15.0kg/hm2, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3kg/hm2, ammonium molybdate 375~450g/hm2, borax 1.5kg/hm2. Water 750 kg spray, mixed spray or separate spray, spraying time is appropriate 16:00.
Diseases and Insect Pest Control Soybean rust mostly occurs under conditions of high temperature and high humidity. After the onset of disease, triadimefon 675 g/hm2 is used to prevent and spray 1125 kg of water. There are many kinds of pests that harm soybeans, and they have a great impact on the yield and quality. They should be sprayed and controlled in time according to the occurrence of pests. Soybean borer damage is endangered in the middle and late August, and killing with dichlorvos at the beginning of adulthood in mid-August is an effective measure to prevent heartworms. At the flowering stage, the larvae of pods, bridges and larvae were controlled. Before 3rd instar, phosphatidylcholine (375 mL/hm2) was added with chlorfluoxet 600 mL/hm2 and water was sprayed at 450 kg.
First, the physiological characteristics of low-yield soybeans Soybeans are generally considered to be low-yielding crops. Under the same fertility conditions, soybean production is only equivalent to 1/3 to 1/2 of corn.
1. The soybean protein content is 40%, fat 20%, and carbohydrate 35%. The corresponding contents of corn were 10%, 4%, and 84% respectively. The energy consumed and stored for each 100 kg of soybean grain formed is 3 647.69 kJ, and the energy consumed and stored for forming 100 kg of corn is 1 685.98 kJ, which is one of the important reasons for the lower yield of soybean than corn.
2. Soybean plants have less photosynthetic accumulation and more respiratory consumption. Photosynthetic intensity (ie photosynthetic capacity), photosynthetic area (leaf area), photosynthetic time (mainly refers to the length of growth period), respiratory consumption, economic coefficient and other factors determine the level of soybean production. Compared with corn, soybeans have lower photosynthetic intensity and more respiratory consumption. The net photosynthetic intensity of soybean was 18.0-32.3 mg CO2/dm2h, while the net photosynthetic intensity of corn reached 51.0-58.5 mg CO2/dm2h.
3. The utilization of light energy in soybean fields is not high. Soybean plants are shorter than corn and the leaves are horizontally distributed. After the ridges are enclosed, except for the top leaves with good light, the middle and lower leaves are shaded and their light conditions are poor. While corn is tall, each layer of leaves can receive sunlight, and the lower middle is also better. Moreover, the light saturation point of soybean is low, and the light saturation point is generally 21,000 Lx at 0.3% (CO2 concentration). The light saturation point of corn is up to 100,000 Lx. It shows that at noon in summer and autumn, soybean can not effectively carry out photosynthesis, while corn can.
Second, the composition of soybean production factors and measures to improve soybean yield = number of plants per plant per unit of grain per grain weight. The product will only increase if each factor grows and coordinates with each other. However, the number of plants and the number of plants per plant are in the opposite direction. In terms of high-yielding fields, the number of plants is easy to reach, and the number of pods per plant and the weight of each cultivar are generally affected by the cultivar and the change is not significant. The grain weight is greatly influenced by the moisture, but relative to In terms of the number of turns, the change is still small. Among several factors, the greatest change in the number of pods is the dominant factor that determines the yield of soybean. Increasing the number of pods per plant is the main goal of cultivation. According to the research, the number of single plant lines is mainly affected by the number of main stem sections, and the number of main stem sections is determined by the cultivation conditions and varieties. The main traits for selecting high-yielding varieties are the number of pods per plant, and the cultivation conditions are mainly water and fertilizer conditions and density, and the development status of the population is closely related to the light receiving conditions. Under the same density conditions, different field arrangements have different lighting conditions for soybeans, and the yield difference is also obvious. Therefore, equal-distance seeding artificial hand-seedlings is an effective measure to increase production.
Third, high-yield cultivation techniques
1. Breeding and selection of soybean varieties with wide adaptability, resistance and disease resistance, high purity, no pests and diseases, ensure that the seed germination rate is above 90%, the photosynthetic efficiency is high, and the light transmittance of the leaves is high. Convergence of many varieties of high yield, such as Pingdou 2, Qihuang 29, Xudou 12, Zhonghuang 13 and so on. Seed screening and drying before sowing. When selecting seeds, select large, high-purity soybean seeds without pests and diseases. Seed treatment before sowing. The use of pesticides, rhizobia seed dressing or seed coating. When seed dressings are used, 50% carbendazim is used to seed seed at 0.4% of the seed weight to control root rot. Seed dressing with the broadcast with the broadcast, the treated seeds should not be overnight.
2, strong seedlings generally use wide and narrow seeding, row spacing 40cm, spacing 12~14cm. Check the seedlings after the emergence of soybeans. Poor soil moisture, robbers sowing, the emergence of a larger gasket area of ​​seedlings, it is necessary to promptly fill the seed. Soybean leaves are cultivated and cultivated in 3 leaves, usually 2 or 3 times in tillage, and the depth of earthworms does not exceed 3 cm. Soybean seedlings are to be seeded with 3 to 5 leaves of soybean, and artificial seedlings are generally used to distribute soybean plants evenly. When weak seedlings were removed, weak seedlings, diseased seedlings, young seedlings, and miscellaneous strains were planted, and seedlings were planted, and strong seedlings and good seedlings were kept. The seedlings were fully seedlings, seedlings, seedlings, and seedlings were all guaranteed. The seedling density of early-maturing varieties was 225,000 to 270000 plants/hm2, and the late-maturing varieties were 180 to 195,000 plants/hm2.
3, fertilization summer soybeans are generally sow planting, mainly to topdressing. In the soil where the soil fertility is low, pure nitrogen should be applied at 90 to 105 kg/hm2, phosphorus pentoxide 60 to 90 kg/hm2, and potassium oxide 60 to 90 kg/hm2 at the early flowering stage in mid-July; 60~75kg/hm2, phosphorus pentoxide 120~150kg/hm2, potassium oxide 120~150kg/hm2. The topdressing method is to be applied as a trench. After the pod grain stage, the roots of the plants began to age and the absorption capacity decreased. Soybeans often cause yellow leaves due to lack of fertilizer, weak growth, fewer flower buds, and more shedding. In the flowering stage, the fertilizer can be applied 3 times by spraying fertilizer, using urea 7.5~15.0kg/hm2, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3kg/hm2, ammonium molybdate 375~450g/hm2, borax 1.5kg/hm2. Water 750 kg spray, mixed spray or separate spray, spraying time is appropriate 16:00.
Diseases and Insect Pest Control Soybean rust mostly occurs under conditions of high temperature and high humidity. After the onset of disease, triadimefon 675 g/hm2 is used to prevent and spray 1125 kg of water. There are many kinds of pests that harm soybeans, and they have a great impact on the yield and quality. They should be sprayed and controlled in time according to the occurrence of pests. Soybean borer damage is endangered in the middle and late August, and killing with dichlorvos at the beginning of adulthood in mid-August is an effective measure to prevent heartworms. At the flowering stage, the larvae of pods, bridges and larvae were controlled. Before 3rd instar, phosphatidylcholine (375 mL/hm2) was added with chlorfluoxet 600 mL/hm2 and water was sprayed at 450 kg.
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