The fresh autumn and winter peppers listed before and after the Spring Festival are very popular with people and their economic benefits are also very high. However, in the early stage of autumn and winter, the cultivation of hot peppers is in hot, high temperature, heavy rain, high humidity, strong light and long illumination, and later in the environment of drought, low temperature, and low sunshine, it is unfavorable for the growth and development of peppers, flowering results and wintering of fruit protection. Therefore, it is difficult to cultivate autumn and winter peppers, and they are highly practical and require high levels of management. After four consecutive years of exploration, the autumn and winter peppers are protected by a 5-guard cultivation technique, which can produce 2000 kg of chili. The specific approach is as follows.
1 Prevention of pests and diseases The main disease of autumn and winter peppers is viral disease. During the cultivation of autumn and winter peppers, the prevention of the spread of viral diseases must always be the primary technical measure.
1 Selection of resistant varieties The current varieties with strong antiviral diseases are Luojia No. 4, Xiangyan No. 3, Zaizao No. 2, and Jiaojiao No. 1 etc.
2 Disease-free seedlings No matter whether it is a seedbed or a planting site, it is best to choose a field that has not been planted with solanaceous fruit or cucumber, tobacco, potato and other crops for 3 consecutive years. Rice fields or newly-opened fields are the best; It is necessary to deepen and fine-tune the whole body, apply basal fertilizer, and dry it for use. Seeds were sterilized with 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 30 minutes. Sowing period should be arranged from the end of July to mid-August. When planting seedbed with 15 grams of carbendazim wettable powder per square meter on the 20 kg of sand filled with medicine soil under the pad cover, seeds caught in the middle of the drug soil, and irrigated with water. In the nutrient soil, 7 paddy soils without pathogens were selected, 2 pieces of fully-comminuted net pig manure and 1 piece of human waste were mixed and mixed, and the cover film was piled for 90 days. When the seedlings grow to three true leaves, they are selected for cloudy days or sunny evenings, and they are divided into seedlings in nutrition.
3 Promptly lay the preventive medicine seedlings cotyledon flat and combine it with a 500-fold solution of enemy koussong to prevent the damping-off disease every 2 days. When two young leaves of the seedlings are sprayed with a mixture of 20% of the virus A400 times and 75% of the chlorothalonil 800 times, the seedlings are seeded with 500 times the virus, 800 times the thiophanate and 1000 times the dimethoate. The mixture was sprayed once every 7-8 days and sprayed twice consecutively to prevent virus A, 500-fold virus, 800-fold chlorothalonil, or 500-fold mancozeb and quinone-purity 2000 times. The mixture was sprayed once every 10 days and sprayed continuously for 2 to 3 times. After the flowering results, a mixture of 800-fold multi-generation mixture (carbendazim + zesin) or 800-deuterone (methyl thiophanate + zeosin) or 1500-fold chlorhexidine is used, or With 600 times the killable and 1000 times the cypermethrin, or 1500 times and the enemy killed the mixed liquid, cross-spray; the results of the initial spray every 5 to 7 days 1 risk ~ ~ 3 times, after Spraying once every 10 days, spraying 3 to 4 times continuously, can effectively prevent locusts, tobacco budworms, diamondback moth and various diseases.
2 Prevention of rain During the autumn and winter pepper cultivation process, frequent rainfall in early days, especially heavy rain and heavy rain, is the main factor that causes high temperature and high humidity in the field and soil compaction, which affects the growth and development of roots and induces the incidence of diseases. Therefore, the cultivation of autumn and winter peppers must be carried out in a greenhouse from the time of planting seedlings to the whole process of picking and selling to avoid wind and rain.
3 anti-exposure
From the end of July to mid-September, during the hot summer season, if it is exposed to the sun, the strong sunlight will cause high soil drought, which will hinder the growth and development of the root system, reduce the water absorption capacity, and weaken the plant growth potential. Induces viral disease, resulting in reduced yields or even no harvest. Therefore, from the sowing of autumn and winter peppers until September 25th, shade nets must be placed on the shed film to reduce the light intensity and prevent direct sun exposure. In order to prevent long-term coverage of the sunshade, the shades will cause the peppers to grow in length, and the shade nets will be withdrawn on cloudy days. Before 8 o'clock on the sunny days and after 5 p.m., the humidity is low, and the light is weak. The sunshade nets should also be removed so that the sheds have chilies. Adequate light; With temperature and light gradually reduced and weakened, cover time should be gradually shortened, after September 25, the shade net was completely removed.
4 The optimum temperature for the growth and the results of the heat-resistant peppers is 20-25°C during the day and 15-18°C during the night. If the daytime temperature is higher than 30°C, the growth and development will be poor, and if it is higher than 35°C, it will be impractical. Autumn and winter peppers are in hot summer weather from sowing to the beginning of the flower (mid-to-late September). During most of the day, the temperature is above 35°C. The noon temperature in fields can be as high as 40°C or more, which is extremely unfavorable to the growth of peppers. At this time, we should try to reduce the temperature in the shed. During the day and night, we should try our best to ventilate it. At night, we must remove the shade net so that the peppers are exposed as much as possible. Watering arrangements should be carried out in the morning or evening, and try to use cool river water or well water as much as possible. Pouring, in order to facilitate the reduction of field and soil temperature, avoid high temperature hot water.
5 Cold Shock
After late October, when the night temperature falls below 12°C, a small arch shed is to be erected in the greenhouse. The greenhouse membrane is ventilated at both ends during the day and the cover must be kept tight at night so that the temperature in the shed is maintained at about 25°C during the day and at least 12°C during the night. In order to benefit from fruit set and fruit enlargement and development, in late November, when the cold wave arrives and enters the severe winter season, when the night temperature falls below 5°C, the small arch sheds and large greenhouse membranes must be tightly capped. In order to see light every day; to control the water, to prevent excessive humidity caused by freezing. Practice has proved that in the southeastern and southeastern regions, due to the short duration of the absolute minimum daily temperature, double coverage is adopted, and as long as the peppers are not directly exposed to frost, they can completely overwinter.
6 Root cultivating Capsicum is weak in root system, poor in regenerative ability, and neither resistant to drought nor tolerant to drought. It can only develop well in moist, fertile and loose environmental conditions, thus creating a favorable environmental condition for root growth to protect and promote. The normal growth and development of roots is a key technical measure to cultivate autumn and winter peppers.
1 Nutritional seedlings The use of nutritional seedlings not only can cultivate disease-free and strong seedlings, but also can effectively prevent root damage, prevent bacteria from invading the root system, and facilitate the early emergence of living plants. The nutrition seedlings should not be too late for seedlings, and 3 leaf leaves are appropriate. The nutrient soil should be sterile and fertile, and should not be scattered; the seedlings should be 8 to 10 true leaves, with large leaves and dark green leaves. , No worm-like disease-like quasi-like, seedling height 18 cm, thick stalks, buds, age of 30 to 35 days.
2 Apply sufficient basal fertilization to choose a good field for planting. Deep plowing should be done carefully, and the whole leveling and screed should be done. The plough layer should be kept loose; 200 fat liquid fertilizer, and fully baked dry; transplanting and colonization, and then transplanted Mu Mu Sanyuan compound fertilizer 50 kg, 30 kg of superphosphate, potassium chloride 15 kg, and make the soil fertilizer mix well.
3 Fine transplantation to grab cloudy days and sunny evening colonization, when selecting seedlings, select strong seedlings for planting, and use nutrition to pick and place gently. When taking the seedlings, try to protect the complete soil. When the roots are scattered, the root seedlings are not planted, while the side is planted and poured. Set root water, plant spacing 33 cm, spacing 35 cm, 4000 acres planted.
(4) Cover all the mulching film in time. After the mulching is completed, the entire mulch shall be irrigated with water, cover the mulching film, and the gingival part of the pepper shall be small when covering the film. Seal it with a red clay, and cover the mulch to the bottom. Compaction seals to reduce moisture evaporation. Covering the soil after the mulching layer can maintain long-term moist, fertile, loose, and is conducive to the growth of roots.
5 timely watering topdressing film cover 20 to 25 days, the dry temperature of the soil in the film should be promptly checked, if the soil is hard to squeeze the soil, the soil is dry, should immediately add water, the method is broken membrane watering, can be Between each row, a 20-cm-long slit was used to cut the film and water was poured to restore the evaporation. Combined with water can be applied to three yuan compound fertilizer 3 to 4 times, each time before the application of 10 kg per mu, 15 kg per mu later. Starting in mid-November, it is necessary to control watering.
1 Prevention of pests and diseases The main disease of autumn and winter peppers is viral disease. During the cultivation of autumn and winter peppers, the prevention of the spread of viral diseases must always be the primary technical measure.
1 Selection of resistant varieties The current varieties with strong antiviral diseases are Luojia No. 4, Xiangyan No. 3, Zaizao No. 2, and Jiaojiao No. 1 etc.
2 Disease-free seedlings No matter whether it is a seedbed or a planting site, it is best to choose a field that has not been planted with solanaceous fruit or cucumber, tobacco, potato and other crops for 3 consecutive years. Rice fields or newly-opened fields are the best; It is necessary to deepen and fine-tune the whole body, apply basal fertilizer, and dry it for use. Seeds were sterilized with 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 30 minutes. Sowing period should be arranged from the end of July to mid-August. When planting seedbed with 15 grams of carbendazim wettable powder per square meter on the 20 kg of sand filled with medicine soil under the pad cover, seeds caught in the middle of the drug soil, and irrigated with water. In the nutrient soil, 7 paddy soils without pathogens were selected, 2 pieces of fully-comminuted net pig manure and 1 piece of human waste were mixed and mixed, and the cover film was piled for 90 days. When the seedlings grow to three true leaves, they are selected for cloudy days or sunny evenings, and they are divided into seedlings in nutrition.
3 Promptly lay the preventive medicine seedlings cotyledon flat and combine it with a 500-fold solution of enemy koussong to prevent the damping-off disease every 2 days. When two young leaves of the seedlings are sprayed with a mixture of 20% of the virus A400 times and 75% of the chlorothalonil 800 times, the seedlings are seeded with 500 times the virus, 800 times the thiophanate and 1000 times the dimethoate. The mixture was sprayed once every 7-8 days and sprayed twice consecutively to prevent virus A, 500-fold virus, 800-fold chlorothalonil, or 500-fold mancozeb and quinone-purity 2000 times. The mixture was sprayed once every 10 days and sprayed continuously for 2 to 3 times. After the flowering results, a mixture of 800-fold multi-generation mixture (carbendazim + zesin) or 800-deuterone (methyl thiophanate + zeosin) or 1500-fold chlorhexidine is used, or With 600 times the killable and 1000 times the cypermethrin, or 1500 times and the enemy killed the mixed liquid, cross-spray; the results of the initial spray every 5 to 7 days 1 risk ~ ~ 3 times, after Spraying once every 10 days, spraying 3 to 4 times continuously, can effectively prevent locusts, tobacco budworms, diamondback moth and various diseases.
2 Prevention of rain During the autumn and winter pepper cultivation process, frequent rainfall in early days, especially heavy rain and heavy rain, is the main factor that causes high temperature and high humidity in the field and soil compaction, which affects the growth and development of roots and induces the incidence of diseases. Therefore, the cultivation of autumn and winter peppers must be carried out in a greenhouse from the time of planting seedlings to the whole process of picking and selling to avoid wind and rain.
3 anti-exposure
From the end of July to mid-September, during the hot summer season, if it is exposed to the sun, the strong sunlight will cause high soil drought, which will hinder the growth and development of the root system, reduce the water absorption capacity, and weaken the plant growth potential. Induces viral disease, resulting in reduced yields or even no harvest. Therefore, from the sowing of autumn and winter peppers until September 25th, shade nets must be placed on the shed film to reduce the light intensity and prevent direct sun exposure. In order to prevent long-term coverage of the sunshade, the shades will cause the peppers to grow in length, and the shade nets will be withdrawn on cloudy days. Before 8 o'clock on the sunny days and after 5 p.m., the humidity is low, and the light is weak. The sunshade nets should also be removed so that the sheds have chilies. Adequate light; With temperature and light gradually reduced and weakened, cover time should be gradually shortened, after September 25, the shade net was completely removed.
4 The optimum temperature for the growth and the results of the heat-resistant peppers is 20-25°C during the day and 15-18°C during the night. If the daytime temperature is higher than 30°C, the growth and development will be poor, and if it is higher than 35°C, it will be impractical. Autumn and winter peppers are in hot summer weather from sowing to the beginning of the flower (mid-to-late September). During most of the day, the temperature is above 35°C. The noon temperature in fields can be as high as 40°C or more, which is extremely unfavorable to the growth of peppers. At this time, we should try to reduce the temperature in the shed. During the day and night, we should try our best to ventilate it. At night, we must remove the shade net so that the peppers are exposed as much as possible. Watering arrangements should be carried out in the morning or evening, and try to use cool river water or well water as much as possible. Pouring, in order to facilitate the reduction of field and soil temperature, avoid high temperature hot water.
5 Cold Shock
After late October, when the night temperature falls below 12°C, a small arch shed is to be erected in the greenhouse. The greenhouse membrane is ventilated at both ends during the day and the cover must be kept tight at night so that the temperature in the shed is maintained at about 25°C during the day and at least 12°C during the night. In order to benefit from fruit set and fruit enlargement and development, in late November, when the cold wave arrives and enters the severe winter season, when the night temperature falls below 5°C, the small arch sheds and large greenhouse membranes must be tightly capped. In order to see light every day; to control the water, to prevent excessive humidity caused by freezing. Practice has proved that in the southeastern and southeastern regions, due to the short duration of the absolute minimum daily temperature, double coverage is adopted, and as long as the peppers are not directly exposed to frost, they can completely overwinter.
6 Root cultivating Capsicum is weak in root system, poor in regenerative ability, and neither resistant to drought nor tolerant to drought. It can only develop well in moist, fertile and loose environmental conditions, thus creating a favorable environmental condition for root growth to protect and promote. The normal growth and development of roots is a key technical measure to cultivate autumn and winter peppers.
1 Nutritional seedlings The use of nutritional seedlings not only can cultivate disease-free and strong seedlings, but also can effectively prevent root damage, prevent bacteria from invading the root system, and facilitate the early emergence of living plants. The nutrition seedlings should not be too late for seedlings, and 3 leaf leaves are appropriate. The nutrient soil should be sterile and fertile, and should not be scattered; the seedlings should be 8 to 10 true leaves, with large leaves and dark green leaves. , No worm-like disease-like quasi-like, seedling height 18 cm, thick stalks, buds, age of 30 to 35 days.
2 Apply sufficient basal fertilization to choose a good field for planting. Deep plowing should be done carefully, and the whole leveling and screed should be done. The plough layer should be kept loose; 200 fat liquid fertilizer, and fully baked dry; transplanting and colonization, and then transplanted Mu Mu Sanyuan compound fertilizer 50 kg, 30 kg of superphosphate, potassium chloride 15 kg, and make the soil fertilizer mix well.
3 Fine transplantation to grab cloudy days and sunny evening colonization, when selecting seedlings, select strong seedlings for planting, and use nutrition to pick and place gently. When taking the seedlings, try to protect the complete soil. When the roots are scattered, the root seedlings are not planted, while the side is planted and poured. Set root water, plant spacing 33 cm, spacing 35 cm, 4000 acres planted.
(4) Cover all the mulching film in time. After the mulching is completed, the entire mulch shall be irrigated with water, cover the mulching film, and the gingival part of the pepper shall be small when covering the film. Seal it with a red clay, and cover the mulch to the bottom. Compaction seals to reduce moisture evaporation. Covering the soil after the mulching layer can maintain long-term moist, fertile, loose, and is conducive to the growth of roots.
5 timely watering topdressing film cover 20 to 25 days, the dry temperature of the soil in the film should be promptly checked, if the soil is hard to squeeze the soil, the soil is dry, should immediately add water, the method is broken membrane watering, can be Between each row, a 20-cm-long slit was used to cut the film and water was poured to restore the evaporation. Combined with water can be applied to three yuan compound fertilizer 3 to 4 times, each time before the application of 10 kg per mu, 15 kg per mu later. Starting in mid-November, it is necessary to control watering.
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