Pinellia ternata, a medicinal plant commonly known as Banxia, is particularly vulnerable to rot disease during its growth cycle between the 8th and 10th months. This period coincides with the mildew season, when multiple generations of Pinellia—starting from the second to the fourth—develop. The tubers formed in early spring and those from the summer generation grow rapidly, expanding into larger tubers. At the same time, the original stems planted during cultivation also enlarge. This phase marks the fastest growth period for the tubers, but it's also when their resistance to infection is weakest. Larger tubers tend to have lower resilience, while smaller ones are more resistant.
During this rapid underground growth, the tubers require a significant amount of oxygen and organic matter from the soil. Simultaneously, microorganisms in the soil become highly active, consuming oxygen and releasing harmful gases and substances. When there is prolonged rain or excessive moisture, the soil becomes compacted, preventing proper gas exchange between the soil and the air. This creates an environment where harmful pathogens can easily penetrate the tubers, leading to rapid decay. In severe cases, up to 80% of the tubers may rot within a week, while in extreme conditions, the entire crop can be lost in just 3–5 days.
The resulting damage not only reduces yield but also affects the quality of the harvest, leaving only a few small tubers and buds. This rot disease has long been a major obstacle in Pinellia production. Early signs of infection include irregular black spots on the tubers, which expand quickly and eventually invade the internal structure. As the disease progresses, the roots shrink, and the leaves turn yellow and wither. Within a week, the tubers develop soft, water-filled blisters, resembling ripe grapes, and the entire plant dies, leaving only a thin, dry skin behind. The spread of the disease is rapid, often leading to total crop loss if not managed promptly.
To control this issue, several strategies can be employed. First, selecting disease-resistant varieties such as "leaflet" or other fine-leaf types is essential. It's important to use disease-free tubers or bulb buds for planting. Before sowing, the stems should be treated and disinfected to prevent pathogen introduction. Choosing suitable land is also crucial—preferably loamy or sandy loam soils with a pH between 6.5 and 7, and avoiding areas previously affected by root rot. In rainy regions, sloped plots are recommended, while flat areas should have proper drainage systems, such as 30 cm wide and deep ditches, to ensure quick water runoff.
In case of heavy rainfall and wet soil, cultivating the field regularly helps break up compacted soil and improve aeration. This promotes better gas exchange and reduces the risk of rot. If signs of rot appear, timely harvesting is critical. Even if the harvest season hasn't arrived, affected tubers should be collected immediately to prevent further spread. After harvesting, the tubers must be peeled and processed right away, as they can begin to rot within 1–2 days if left unprocessed. These measures are vital for maintaining the quality and yield of Pinellia crops.
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