Cherry cultivation requires careful attention to both the health of the trees and the environment. After deciduous trees shed their leaves, it's essential to clear the orchard thoroughly by removing broken branches, rotten leaves, diseased fruits, and pests. These materials should be buried deep in the soil to enrich it with organic matter and provide natural nitrogen fertilizer for the fruit trees. This practice not only improves soil quality but also reduces pollution and helps conserve water.
One common issue in cherry trees is fluid injection, which can be caused by physiological potassium deficiency, viruses, bacteria, or insect damage. To treat this, a mixture of 1 kg copper sulfate, 3 kg lime, 10 pounds of water, and half a catty of cooking oil (like peanut oil or lard) can be prepared and applied to the affected areas using a brush. It's important not to scrape the bark manually, as this could worsen the condition. This treatment should be applied 3–5 times a day for 2–3 days and is particularly effective for large cherries, apricots, and peaches.
For more severe cases, such as when there's visible decay on the trunk, the diseased area should be carefully scraped using a knife to expose the healthy tissue. If the infection has spread, the affected area should be removed up to 1–2 cm beyond the lesion on the upper side and 2–3 cm below on the lower side. A solution made from seaweed extract, disinfectant, shell oligosaccharides, and carboxymethyl chitosan can then be applied to the wound. This helps stimulate the tree’s immune system and promotes healing.
Another method involves scraping the affected area and mixing loess (a type of clay) with a 500-fold dilution of seaweed extract until it becomes sticky. The diseased part is then wiped with streptomycin before being covered with the yellow mud mixture. Finally, a plastic film is wrapped around the area and secured with a rope to prevent it from falling off. After 20 days, the film is removed.
Diseases like rot, rough skin, dry rot, and wood rot are often caused by fungi or bacteria. A simple remedy involves boiling 10 pounds of water with 1 pound of salt. Once cooled, this solution is brushed onto the infected branches. Applying it once every other month, especially during dormancy, can effectively eliminate pathogens and help cure the tree.
During the fruit expansion period, issues like softening, cyanosis, or cracking may occur. To prevent these, a spray of 800-fold diluted "Erfang 2" should be applied every 7–10 days starting from the flowering stage, with an additional application of 500-fold diluted Rubik’s cube 3rd just before harvest. Root calcium supplementation is also crucial. In autumn or winter, small pits are dug around the roots and filled with lime, which slowly decomposes and helps balance soil pH while reducing pests.
Leaf calcium applications are also beneficial. During the early fruit stage, crushed calcium tablets are mixed with 20–30 pounds of water and sprayed on the leaves. For severe cracks, two sprays may be needed. This method can also be combined with pesticides for better results.
Fertilization timing is critical. About 70% of the annual fertilizer should be applied in mid to late September, with the remaining 30% given before, during, and after fruit expansion. After harvest, a final topdressing is necessary. A total of four fertilizations per year ensures balanced nutrition.
Uneven fruit coloring and premature leaf death may indicate magnesium deficiency. To address this, coal ash can be mixed into the soil during manure application, or a 0.4% magnesium sulfate solution can be sprayed on the leaves about 20 days before harvest.
Top blight, characterized by dead shoots spreading from the top of the tree, is often due to sulfur deficiency. Applying 2–3 grams of sulfur powder mixed into the soil around the roots can help restore the tree’s health.
Balancing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in fertilizers is essential to avoid soil hardening and acidification. The ideal ratio is 2:1:2, following the "nitrogen control, phosphorus reduction, potassium enhancement, micro-filling" principle. Nitrogen should be limited during the fruiting period, and after harvest, a 0.3% urea solution can be sprayed to maintain soil fertility.
Yellow leaf disease, caused by iron deficiency, can be treated with a 0.4% ferrous sulfate solution mixed with pesticides. Symptoms usually improve within 3–5 days.
Rough skin and fruit cracking may result from silicon deficiency. Spraying a 0.4% calcium silicate solution on the leaves during the young fruit stage can help alleviate these issues.
Mosaic disease, caused by zinc deficiency, can be prevented by spraying a 0.3% zinc sulfate solution on dry shoots before spring germination.
Tiny white spots on leaves are often due to copper deficiency. Regular use of Bordeaux mixture twice a year is sufficient to address this issue.
Frozen injury, marked by blackened xylem, is typically caused by molybdenum deficiency. Applying 5–6 kg of molybdic acid ammonium or sodium molybdate per mu during topdressing can help.
Flower drop and malformed fruit, often due to boron deficiency, can be managed by spraying a 0.3% borax solution along with seaweed extract before and during fruit expansion. Care must be taken not to over-apply borax, as it can be toxic to the tree.
A special recommendation includes using a fertilizer that contains three essential elements and seven trace elements, along with active substances that promote root growth and leaf absorption. When combined with organic and bio-fertilizers, it enhances fruit quality, increases sugar content, improves color, reduces cracking, and promotes earlier maturation.
In terms of tree shaping, two main styles are commonly used: the three-main-branch system and the modified spindle shape. The former is suitable for flat land, while the latter is ideal for mountainous areas. Proper pruning and management during different growth stages ensure strong, productive trees.
Pest control involves regular spraying with appropriate fungicides and insecticides, depending on the season and weather conditions. Effective combinations include Bordeaux mixture, copper-based products, and systemic fungicides.
Finally, post-harvest care, including thorough cleaning of the orchard, proper watering, and protective measures against frost, plays a key role in maintaining tree health and preparing for the next growing season.
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