**Cultivation and Management of Ximi Honey Grapefruit**
1. **Site Selection**
Ximi honey grapefruit thrives in moist, loose, and fertile soils. Therefore, it is recommended to select areas with lush vegetation, good drainage, such as red soil hills, alluvial plains, or riverbank lands that are free from pollution. These conditions ensure optimal growth and fruit quality.
2. **Variety Selection**
Choose pure varieties of Ximi pomelo and Xi red meat pomelo for planting. These varieties are known for their high yield, superior taste, and resistance to common diseases.
3. **Pest and Disease Management Principles**
Pests and diseases affecting honey grapefruit can be categorized into two main types: diseases and insect pests. The principle of "prevention first, integrated management" should be adopted. Use biological pesticides or low-toxicity, high-efficiency, and low-residue chemicals. Avoid the use of highly toxic and residue-prone pesticides. Protect natural predators and maintain records of pest control activities. No pesticide should be applied 1-1.5 months before harvest.
4. **Diseases, Characteristics, and Control**
(1) **Bacterial Canker**: Caused by *Bacillus angustifolius*, this bacterial disease thrives in temperatures between 20–30°C. It causes leaf spots, branch dieback, and fruit drop. Prevention includes copper-based sprays and antibiotics.
(2) **Anthrax**: A fungal disease that affects weak trees, causing leaf spots, defoliation, and fruit drop. Preventive measures include improving tree vigor and using fungicides like copper and carbendazim.
(3) **Scab**: A fungal disease that attacks young leaves, shoots, and fruits. Symptoms include raised, cracked lesions on the skin. Prevention involves pruning, clearing gardens, and spraying copper or thiophanate fungicides.
(4) **Bacterial Blight**: A seedling disease that spreads rapidly in hot, humid weather. Symptoms include stem rot and wilting. Immediate removal of infected plants and copper sprays are effective treatments.
(5) **Gummosis**: A disease that affects the trunk and branches, causing water-soaked lesions and oozing gum. Treatment includes scraping affected areas and applying carbendazim or thiophanate.
(6) **Sooty Mold**: Caused by pests like aphids and whiteflies, this disease appears as a black coating on leaves and fruits. Spraying oil emulsions or rosin mixtures helps control it.
(7) **Leaf Spot (Maculopathy)**: A fungal disease that causes yellow and dark brown spots on leaves and fruits. Prevention includes pruning, cleaning fallen leaves, and using copper or sulfur-based sprays.
(8) **Coal Spot**: A disease caused by fungal infections from insect excretions. Symptoms include a black layer on leaves and fruits. Control involves regular spraying of oil emulsions.
(9) **Penicillium and Green Mold**: A post-harvest disease that causes fruit rot. Prevention includes careful handling during harvesting and storage.
(10) **Brown Pedicel Rot**: A storage disease that affects the fruit's stem, leading to decay. Prevention focuses on avoiding physical damage during harvest and transport.
5. **Insect Pests, Characteristics, and Control**
(1) **Red Spider Mites**: These pests feed on leaves and fruits, causing gray-white spots. Control involves timely spraying of lime sulfur or avermectin during peak seasons.
(2) **Rust Mite**: Causes yellowing and darkening of leaves, reducing yield. Spraying lime sulfur or pine oil mixture helps manage infestations.
(3) **Scale Insects**: Suck sap from leaves, shoots, and fruits, causing discoloration. Pruning and using imidacloprid or buprofezin are effective methods.
(4) **Tangerine Leafminer**: Larvae tunnel inside leaves, causing curling and deformation. Manual removal and pyrethroid sprays help control this pest.
(5) **Citrus Longhorn Beetle**: Larvae bore into trunks and branches, causing structural damage. Manual removal and inserting wires into holes can help eliminate them.
(6) **Leaf Miner Moth**: Larvae create tunnels in young leaves, affecting growth. Controlling shoot growth and using imidacloprid sprays are effective strategies.
(7) **Aphids**: Feed on new shoots, causing sooty mold. Spraying imidacloprid or oil emulsions controls infestations.
(8) **Horned Snail**: Damages fruits and young shoots. Spraying diatomaceous earth or turpentine mixtures helps reduce population.
(9) **Flower Bud Worm**: Larvae destroy flower buds, reducing fruit set. Spraying chrysanthemum insecticides or imidacloprid controls this pest.
(10) **Swallowtail Butterfly**: Caterpillars feed on leaves and shoots. Spraying bacterial or synthetic insecticides reduces damage.
(11) **Tortoiseshell Moth**: Adults feed on flowers, affecting pollination. Manual collection and chemical sprays are effective control methods.
6. **Fertilization Practices**
Fertilization must meet the nutrient needs of grapefruit trees without harming the environment. Organic and inorganic fertilizers should be used carefully, avoiding nitrate-based products. Commercial fertilizers must be certified and properly documented. Adult trees require about 375–450 kg per hectare annually, applied in 4–5 doses throughout the year. Fertilizer application schedules include post-harvest, bloom promotion, fruit setting, and fruit development stages, each with specific formulations and quantities.
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