**Cultivation Management Technology**
1. **Soil Preparation and Fertilization**
Red and white clover are commonly mixed with grasses, but in some cases, they are planted first to improve soil quality before introducing grasses. When planting red and white clover, there is no strict requirement for site preparation. It can be sown directly after plowing or following heavy grazing, provided the existing vegetation is removed as much as possible. Regardless of the method, it’s essential to remove weeds thoroughly to ensure better emergence and healthy seedling growth. Red and white clover are known to leave a significant amount of phosphate in the soil and are also sensitive to phosphorus levels. Therefore, phosphorus should be used as a base fertilizer, especially in southern regions where phosphorus deficiency is common. A general recommendation is about 3.3 kg of phosphorus per mu (equivalent to 20 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate). If the soil pH is below 5.5, lime should be applied beforehand, typically 66.7–133.3 kg per mu. The exact amounts of lime and phosphate should be adjusted based on local soil test results and crop response.
2. **Sowing Methods**
Red and white clover can be sown in spring or autumn, with autumn sowing generally yielding better results in southern regions. When sowing alone, the recommended rate is 1 kg per mu, while when mixed with grasses, it’s around 0.8 kg (with a 3:1 ratio of grass to legume). Sowing can be done manually or using equipment. After sowing, the seeds should be lightly covered with soil, not deeper than 1.5 cm. In areas with heavy rainfall, covering the seeds may not be necessary.
3. **Field Management**
The seedlings of red and white clover grow slowly during the early stages, so it's important not to assume that the seeding has failed. During this period, special attention should be given to weed control and the application of a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer (about 5 kg of urea per mu) to help establish the plants. Once the pasture is established, timely grazing or mowing is essential to reduce weed competition. Afterward, only a moderate amount of phosphorus and molybdenum fertilizer should be used, and excessive nitrogen should be avoided. Too much nitrogen can inhibit the growth of red and white clover and weaken its competitive ability against grasses. In dry areas with irrigation facilities, watering after grazing can help maintain productivity.
4. **Feeding Methods**
Red and white clover are primarily used for grazing, suitable for livestock such as cattle, sheep, and even geese, with excellent results. They are also an excellent feed source for pigs, rabbits, and other small animals. The plants can be chopped, made into hay, compressed into feed, or processed into grass powder. With high protein content, red and white clover can be juiced to extract concentrated protein feed. Once established, these meadows are long-lasting and highly invasive. Seeds can spread naturally, allowing the plants to colonize new areas. To prevent overgrowth, regular grazing or cutting should be carried out before the seeds mature. Additionally, fertilizer use can influence the composition of the pasture—nitrogen promotes grass growth while inhibiting clover, whereas phosphate encourages clover development.
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