Sesame is often regarded as a low-yield crop, typically cultivated in small-scale and less managed ways, leading to unstable production. However, practical experience has shown that with scientific cultivation techniques and proper management, sesame can achieve high and stable yields, significantly improving economic returns. To support local sesame farming, we conducted research on high-yield and efficient summer sesame cultivation methods in Jinnan from 2002 to 2005. Through various experiments and field demonstrations, we developed a set of effective techniques that helped increase the yield of summer sesame seeds to an average of 1,500 kg per hectare or more.
Selecting high-quality varieties is essential for achieving high yields in summer sesame. In Jinnan, suitable varieties include Jinzhi No. 1, Minzhi No. 3, Yuzhi No. 4, and Linzhi No. 5. These varieties exhibit strong growth, early maturity, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and excellent quality.
Soil rotation plays a key role in preventing diseases such as wilt and epidemics, which can severely reduce yields. A rotation cycle of 3 to 4 years is recommended. After harvesting previous crops like wheat or rape, it's important to apply base fertilizer promptly and prepare the soil by plowing and harrowing. The typical base fertilizer application includes 3,000–4,000 kg of well-rotted farmyard manure, 15–20 kg of compound fertilizer (or 10 kg of urea and 20 kg of superphosphate), and 10 kg of potassium sulfate.
Early sowing is crucial for successful summer sesame cultivation. It is best to complete planting by June 15th, as earlier planting helps ensure uniform seedling emergence. Seed sowing methods include broadcasting at different depths—deep sowing (3–4 cm) and shallow sowing (1–2 cm)—to improve germination rates and prevent issues like dry seedlings or poor emergence after rain. The recommended sowing rate is generally 500–800 g per mu.
Proper plant density is also vital for maximizing yield. For single-stem varieties, a density of 11,000–13,000 plants per mu with spacing of 33–40 cm by 15 cm is ideal. For branched varieties, a density of 0.7–0.8 million plants per mu with spacing of 40 cm by 20 cm is appropriate. Timely thinning of seedlings is necessary to ensure healthy growth and avoid overcrowding.
Cultivation and weeding are essential during the growing season. Sesame thrives in warm and rainy conditions, so regular tilling helps control weeds and improves soil aeration. Typically, 2–3 rounds of cultivation are performed during the true leaf stage and early flowering period. Herbicides can also be used, such as 100–150 ml of 50% acetochlor per acre mixed with 40–50 kg of water for pre-sowing weed control.
Fertilization is critical due to the short growth period of sesame. Base fertilizer should be applied first, followed by top-dressing at the beginning of the flowering stage. Applying 5 kg of urea or 10 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per acre combined with irrigation or rain is effective. Foliar sprays of 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% borax solution can enhance pod development and grain weight. Growth regulators like Dinocycline or Paclobutrazol can help control excessive stem elongation and improve lodging resistance.
Integrated pest management is essential for disease and pest control. Common diseases include blight and stem rot, which can be managed through resistant varieties, proper rotation, and timely fungicide applications. For pests like ground beetles, aphids, and sesame moths, a combination of cultural, physical, and chemical controls is recommended, including early sowing, weeding, light traps, and insecticides.
Timely harvesting is crucial for quality. Harvesting usually occurs 25–30 days before full bloom, when the upper growth point is removed in the afternoon. This reduces nutrient loss and promotes better grain filling. Sesame pods mature unevenly, so harvesting begins when the lower pods turn yellow and the central ones are fully developed. After harvesting, the stalks are bundled, dried, and threshed to extract the seeds, which are then sun-dried and stored properly.
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