Sesame is often regarded as a low-yield crop, typically grown in small quantities and with minimal management, leading to inconsistent and low productivity. However, practical experience has demonstrated that through scientific cultivation methods and proper management, sesame can achieve high and stable yields, significantly improving economic returns. To support local sesame production, we conducted research on high-yield and efficient summer sesame cultivation techniques in Jinnan from 2002 to 2005. Through various experiments and field demonstrations, we developed a set of effective cultivation practices that helped achieve high yields of summer sesame seeds, with an average yield of over 1500 kg per hectare.
Selecting the right varieties is essential for maximizing summer sesame yields. In Jinnan, suitable summer sesame varieties include Jinzhi No. 1, Minzhi No. 3, Yuzhi No. 4, and Linzhi No. 5. These varieties exhibit strong growth, early maturity, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and superior quality.
Soil rotation is crucial to prevent diseases such as wilt and epidemics, which can severely reduce yields. It is recommended to rotate crops every 3–4 years. After harvesting previous crops like wheat or rapeseed, it's important to apply base fertilizer promptly, plow the land, and level it. A standard base fertilizer application includes 3000–4000 kg of farmyard manure, 15–20 kg of nitrophosphate (or 10 kg of urea and 20 kg of superphosphate), and 10 kg of potassium sulfate.
Early planting is key to successful summer sesame cultivation. Sesame should be sown as soon as possible after wheat harvest, ideally by June 15th. Seedling establishment is critical for high and stable yields. Methods include even seed distribution, deep and shallow sowing, and timely irrigation. The seeding rate is generally between 500–800 g per mu.
Proper plant density is vital for high yield. For single-stem varieties, the recommended density is 11,000–13,000 plants per mu, with spacing of 33–40 cm by 15 cm. For branched varieties, the density should be around 0.7–0.8 million plants per mu, with spacing of 40 cm by 20 cm. Thinning is necessary during the 1–2 true leaf stage to ensure strong and uniform growth.
Soil cultivation helps control weeds and promote healthy growth. Regular weeding and loosening of the soil are essential, especially during the rainy season. Typically, 2–3 cultivations are carried out at the true leaf and early flowering stages. Herbicides like 50% acetochlor can also be used to manage weeds effectively before sowing.
Timely top-dressing is essential due to sesame’s short growth cycle and high nutrient demand. At the beginning of the flowering stage, 5 kg of urea or 10 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per acre should be applied. Foliar sprays of 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% borax solution can improve pod number and grain weight. Growth regulators like 20% Dinocycline or 40% paclobutrazol can help control stem elongation and enhance lodging resistance.
Integrated pest management is crucial. Common diseases include blight, stem blight, and epidemics. Prevention involves selecting resistant varieties, proper crop rotation, drainage, and timely fungicide applications. For pests like ground beetles, aphids, and sesame moths, a combination of cultural, physical, and chemical controls is recommended.
Harvesting should occur 25–30 days before full flowering. Topping the plants in the afternoon helps reduce nutrient loss and improves grain filling. Harvesting is done when the lower pods turn yellow, and the central pods are fully developed. After harvesting, the stalks are bundled, dried, and threshed for storage.
These techniques have proven effective in enhancing both the yield and quality of summer sesame, making it a more viable and profitable crop for farmers in Jinnan.
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