**Cultivation Management Technology**
1. **Soil Preparation and Fertilization**
Red and white clover are commonly grown in mixtures with grasses, but in some cases, they are planted first to improve soil quality before introducing grasses. When planting red and white clover, there is no strict requirement for site preparation. It can be sown directly after plowing or following heavy grazing, as long as the existing vegetation is removed as much as possible. Regardless of the method, it's important to remove weeds effectively to ensure proper germination and seedling growth.
Red and white clover have a high phosphorus requirement and are sensitive to soil conditions. Therefore, phosphorus should be used as a base fertilizer, especially in southern regions where phosphorus deficiency is common. A typical application rate is about 3.3 kg of phosphorus per mu (equivalent to 20 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate). If the soil pH is below 5.5, lime should be applied beforehand, usually at a rate of 66.7–133.3 kg per mu. The exact amounts of lime and fertilizer should be adjusted based on local soil test results and crop response.
2. **Sowing Methods**
Red and white clover can be sown in both spring and autumn, though autumn sowing tends to perform better in southern regions. When sown alone, the seeding rate is about 1 kg per mu, while when mixed with grasses, it is typically around 0.8 kg (with a 3:1 ratio of grass to legume). Sowing can be done manually or with equipment. After sowing, the seeds should be lightly covered with soil, not deeper than 1.5 cm. In areas with heavy rainfall, covering the seeds is not necessary.
3. **Field Management**
The early growth of red and white clover is relatively slow, so it's important not to assume that the planting has failed. During the seedling stage, special attention should be given to weed control and the application of a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer (around 5 kg of urea per mu) to support establishment. Once the pasture is established, timely grazing or mowing helps reduce weed competition. Afterward, only moderate amounts of phosphorus and molybdenum fertilizer should be used, as excessive nitrogen can inhibit clover growth and reduce its competitiveness. In dry areas with irrigation facilities, watering after grazing can help maintain productivity.
4. **Feeding Methods**
Red and white clover are primarily used for grazing, and they are suitable for livestock such as cattle, sheep, and even geese. They also serve as excellent feed for pigs, rabbits, and other small animals. The plants can be chopped, made into hay, compressed into feed, or ground into grass powder. With a high protein content, red and white clover can be processed using a juicer to extract concentrated protein feed.
Once established, red and white clover pastures are long-lasting and highly competitive. Their seeds spread naturally after shattering, allowing them to colonize new areas. To prevent overgrowth, timely grazing or cutting is essential to stop the seeds from maturing. Additionally, fertilizer management plays a key role in controlling the balance between clover and grass. Nitrogen fertilizers promote grass growth and suppress clover, while phosphorus enhances clover development.
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