In the early stages of spring, as temperatures gradually rise, sudden drops can occur due to the intrusion of cold air. These temperature fluctuations can be quite drastic, with a cooling rate of 5–10°C, causing temperatures to drop to 5°C or even below freezing. This rapid temperature change poses a significant challenge for early spring crops.
Most early spring vegetables are grown in greenhouses and protected environments, including solanaceous crops, melons, legumes, and leafy greens. Due to the sudden and severe cooling, seedlings struggle to adapt, especially when the cold period is prolonged. Short-term cold waves mainly affect the above-ground parts of plants, while extended cold spells can damage the roots and underground structures. In extreme cases, this can lead to frost damage, fruit drop, and even plant death. Additionally, such conditions create favorable environments for certain pests and diseases to thrive.
Damage varies depending on the structure type: greenhouses suffer more than smaller sheds. Vegetables like tomatoes and peppers are more vulnerable compared to leafy greens. Mature plants are generally more resilient than seedlings, but those in the flowering and fruiting stage are most at risk.
To mitigate these risks, farmers should implement the following strategies:
1. **Deep Trenches**: Dig cold trenches and reinforce protective structures. Stakes should be 20–25 cm high, with a 120 cm wide sorghum face (including the ditch). A narrow trench, 15–20 cm wide and 30 cm deep, should be dug around the greenhouse.
2. **Fertilizer and Water Control**: Carefully manage fertilization and irrigation, and promote strong seedling development through timely cultivation and anti-cold antifreeze sprays.
3. **Monitor Weather and Improve Management**: Stay updated with weather forecasts and adjust field management accordingly to respond quickly to changes.
4. **Enhance Insulation**: During continuous rainy periods, strengthen insulation to reduce heat loss and maintain stable temperatures. Use materials like straw mats or double-layered plastic covers.
5. **Supplement Light and Heat**: Short-term cold waves often result from insufficient sunlight and warmth. Even if outdoor temperatures are low, supplementary heating methods like stoves, electric heaters, or lighting can help maintain optimal growing conditions. Temperatures should not fall below 5°C.
6. **Strengthen Pest Control**: Follow a "prevention first" approach. Use dry smoke powders or fumigants for disease prevention, and minimize liquid pesticide use. Combine these with cooling techniques to improve effectiveness.
7. **Stop Watering**: During prolonged rain, stop watering, avoid intensive cultivation, and prevent air release. Cover old crops earlier and preserve fruits to protect them from further damage.
8. **Plant Cold-Resistant Crops**: After a cold event, take immediate action. For damaged fields, consider replanting with fast-growing, cold-tolerant crops such as leeks, April cabbage, and white radishes. Quick action can help restore production and support recovery efforts.
By implementing these measures, farmers can better protect their crops and ensure a more stable yield during unpredictable spring weather.
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