Rape clubroot disease is a serious plant illness that primarily affects the roots of rapeseed, causing tumor-like growths on the main or lateral roots. Farmers often refer to it as "pillow disease." In recent years, the disease has been reported in several areas including Deyang, Chengdu, Meishan, Liangshan, and
Others, with severe outbreaks recorded in Guanghan, Xindu, Shuangliu, Pengshan, Mianzhu, and Xichang.
The spread of clubroot disease has been increasing over time, with more land affected and greater damage observed. For instance, in Deyang City, the area affected by clubroot rose from 3,500 acres in 2000 to 36,600 acres in 2003. The severity of the disease also increased, with losses exceeding 30% in large areas each year. This trend highlights the growing threat posed by this soil-borne pathogen.
Hybrid rapeseed varieties, such as No. 6 and No. 7 of the "Noisy Series," have shown high susceptibility to the disease, particularly in regions like Guanghan and Xindu. The pathogen responsible for clubroot, *Plasmodiophora brassicae*, has a broad host range, affecting not only rapeseed but also over 100 cruciferous plants, including cabbage, mustard, radish, and cauliflower. Vegetables from the genus *Brassica* are especially vulnerable.
Symptoms typically appear after the pathogen invades the root cortex and vascular tissues, leading to abnormal cell division and swelling. Affected plants show signs of stunted growth, yellowing leaves, and wilting. In severe cases, seedlings may die, while mature plants may wilt during the day and recover at night, eventually dying if the condition persists.
The disease spreads through infected plant debris, uncomposted manure, and contaminated tools. Spore germination is optimal between 18–25°C, and the disease thrives in moist soils with a pH between 5.4 and 6.5. High temperatures above 30°C can inhibit spore activity, and drought conditions reduce disease incidence. Low-lying fields and continuous cropping of cruciferous crops contribute to higher infection rates.
Several factors have contributed to the recent rise in clubroot severity: long-term cultivation of susceptible rape varieties, soil acidification due to excessive chemical use, and changes in climate, such as higher post-transplanting temperatures and fluctuating moisture levels. These conditions create an ideal environment for the pathogen to thrive.
To manage clubroot effectively, integrated control measures are essential. Crop rotation with non-cruciferous plants for at least five years is highly recommended. Selecting resistant varieties and using disease-free seedbeds can also help prevent infection. Before transplanting, dipping roots in lime water or fungicides like carbendazim can provide protection. Infected plants should be removed immediately and destroyed to prevent further spread.
Soil management practices, such as reducing nitrogen fertilizer use, applying well-decomposed organic matter, and improving drainage, can enhance plant resistance. Applying lime to raise soil pH to slightly alkaline levels (around 7.2) can also reduce disease incidence. By combining these strategies, farmers can better combat the spread of clubroot and protect their rapeseed crops.
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