**Fault Analysis and Elimination of Reverse Osmosis System**
First, the failure analysis of reverse osmosis system.
A common issue in a reverse osmosis system is a drop in salt rejection rate and a reduction in product water output. If either or both of these parameters gradually decrease, it may indicate fouling or scaling, which can typically be resolved through proper cleaning. However, a sudden or rapid decline in performance often signals a problem within the system or improper operation. In such cases, immediate action is necessary, as delays can prevent the membrane from regaining its original efficiency.
To identify problems early, it’s essential to keep accurate records of system performance. When a drop in salt rejection or water production is observed, the first step should be to calibrate the instruments to avoid misdiagnosis. Instruments such as conductivity meters, flow meters, pressure gauges, and thermometers must be checked for accuracy. Next, the operational data should be "normalized" by accounting for factors like temperature, feed water TDS, recovery rate, membrane age, and water flux. By calculating normalized water production and desalination rates, you can compare them with initial data to determine if a fault exists.
There are three main types of failure in reverse osmosis systems: reduced water permeability, increased salt permeability (lower salt rejection), and higher pressure drop. Each of these issues can have multiple causes, so identifying the root cause is crucial. Once diagnosed, appropriate measures such as maintenance or cleaning should be implemented promptly.
Table 4-3 outlines the key fault analysis items and corresponding countermeasures. Additionally, Table 4-4 provides further insights into potential causes and solutions from a different perspective, offering valuable guidance for troubleshooting.
Second, the main measures for troubleshooting a reverse osmosis system:
1. **Verify instrument operation**
Ensure all measuring devices—such as pressure gauges, flow meters, pH meters, conductivity meters, and thermometers—are functioning correctly. Recalibration may be necessary if any inconsistencies are found.
2. **Recheck operational data**
Review historical data on flux and desalination rate, while considering the impact of variables like temperature, pressure, feed water concentration, and membrane age on system performance.
3. **Assess possible mechanical and chemical problems**
Mechanical issues may include damaged O-rings, faulty seals, pump malfunctions, or pipe and valve damage. On the chemical side, improper dosing of acid or scale inhibitors can lead to membrane damage or scaling. High doses of acid may cause sulfate scaling, while low doses might result in carbonate or metal hydroxide buildup.
4. **Analyze changes in feed water chemistry**
Compare current feed water analysis with the baseline data from the system's design phase. Any significant changes in water quality may require additional pre-treatment or upgrades to existing pre-treatment systems.
5. **Identify pollutants**
Analyze the feed water, concentrate, and product water for inorganic components, TOC, turbidity, pH, TDS, TSS, SDI, and temperature. These parameters can help detect particulate or organic contamination. Testing the feed cartridge filter or SDI filter mat is also recommended for more accurate pollutant identification.
6. **Choose the right cleaning solution**
When selecting a cleaning method, consider the type of membrane, compatibility with cleaning agents, system materials, and the nature of the contaminants. A well-chosen cleaning strategy can restore system performance and extend membrane life.
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