**I. Mulberry Land Selection**
Mulberry trees can be grown in a variety of soils, but for optimal growth and high yield, it is crucial to select loose, fertile, well-draining sandy loam soil. This type of soil ensures good root development, efficient nutrient absorption, and stable production over time. Choosing the right land is the first step toward successful mulberry cultivation.
**II. Site Preparation and Base Fertilization**
Three weeks before planting, the soil should be deeply tilled to improve aeration and root penetration. For each plant, apply 5 kg of organic manure (such as pig or chicken manure), which amounts to about 3,000 kg per mu. Additionally, after 7–10 days, incorporate 150 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer per mu into the soil. Three to five days before planting, create furrows that are 1.3 meters wide and 0.3 meters deep to ensure proper spacing and drainage.
**III. Planting the Parents**
1. **Planting Density**: The recommended spacing is 0.85 meters between plants and 1.3 meters between rows, allowing for approximately 600 plants per mu.
2. **Parental Ratio**: Maintain a ratio of 1 female parent to 10–15 male parents to ensure sufficient pollination.
3. **Parental Arrangement Principles**:
- Ensure the distance between male and female parents is no more than 5 meters.
- Alternate male and female parents to enhance cross-pollination.
4. **Arrangement Pattern**:
- Row 1: All female parents.
- Row 2: First and second female parents, third male parent, fourth to eighth (total of five) female parents, ninth male parent, then repeat every five female parents with one male parent.
- Rows 3 and 4: All female parents.
- Row 5: First female parent, second male parent, third to fifth (three total) female parents, sixth male parent, seventh to eleventh (five total) female parents, then repeat every five female parents with one male parent.
- Rows 6 and 7: All female parents.
- Row 8: Same as Row 2.
- Rows 9 and 10: All female parents.
- Continue this pattern for additional rows.
5. **Planting Methods**:
- A day or two before planting, spread base fertilizer evenly into the planting trench, followed by 100 kg of N:P:K 16-16-16 compound fertilizer per mu. Mix thoroughly and cover with soil.
- When planting seedlings, ensure roots do not come into direct contact with fertilizers—keep a 3–5 cm buffer. Cover the rhizome (the green-yellow junction) with 2–3 cm of soil. Firm the soil around the roots and straighten the main stem. Water thoroughly on the same day, and if necessary, cover with straw or dry soil to retain moisture.
**IV. Management Practices**
1. **Promote Shoot Growth**:
- After the tree has established, cut back the main stem 7–10 cm above the graft point.
- Allow 2–3 branches to grow at the first layer when they reach 10 cm.
- At the second, third, and fourth layers, leave 2–3 branches when they reach 20–30 cm.
2. **Water and Fertilizer Supply**:
- Apply top-dressing during the growing season: 30 kg, 50 kg, and 100 kg of N:P:K 16-16-16 compound fertilizer per mu for the second, third, and fourth layers respectively.
- In late January to early February, apply 80–120 kg of N:P:K 16-16-16 compound fertilizer per mu.
- In mid-April, apply 2,000–3,000 pounds of pig or chicken manure per mu, along with 150–200 pounds of compound fertilizer.
- Keep the soil consistently moist from months 2 to 10 using drip or sprinkler irrigation.
- Install drainage ditches to prevent waterlogging during heavy rains.
3. **Pest Control**:
- Monitor regularly for pests and diseases. Use systemic, stomach, or contact insecticides like dimethoate, cypermethrin, or phoxim.
- Apply insecticides every 15–20 days after germination to prevent infestations.
4. **Weeding and Pruning**:
- Remove weeds manually or chemically. Use herbicides safe for mulberry trees, such as those designed for monocot weeds.
- Cut off any unwanted branches below the graft union to maintain species purity.
5. **Promote Flowering**:
- Stop watering and fertilizing after November to encourage flowering.
- Avoid using nitrogen-rich fertilizers; instead, use phosphorus and potassium.
- Spray growth regulators like multiple-effect seats or kiosin once shoots reach the desired height.
**V. Mulberry Seed Production**
1. **Harvesting**: Collect mulberry fruits when they turn dark purple or black.
2. **Processing**: Place the fruits in a bag and press them with your feet to separate the seeds from the pulp.
3. **Rinsing**: Wash the pressed fruit on a sieve under running water to remove impurities.
4. **Drying**: Dry the seeds in a dehydrator first, then store them in a dry container. Avoid direct sunlight.
5. **Packaging**: Store the dried seeds in cloth bags under low temperatures (0 to -1°C) for long-term storage and sale.
6. **Mechanical Processing**: For large-scale growers (20 acres or more), consider using mechanical systems for pressing, rinsing, and extracting mulberry juice. This not only reduces labor costs but also generates additional revenue of up to 1,000 yuan per mu through the sale of mulberry juice, a premium beverage.
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