**Fault Analysis and Elimination of Reverse Osmosis System**
First, the failure analysis of a reverse osmosis system.
One of the most common issues in a reverse osmosis system is a decline in salt rejection and a reduction in product water output. If these changes occur gradually, it may indicate fouling or scaling, which can often be resolved through proper cleaning. However, if the performance drops suddenly or rapidly, it could signal a more serious issue within the system, such as an operational error or equipment malfunction. In such cases, prompt action is necessary to prevent irreversible damage to the membrane and restore its original efficiency.
To identify problems early, it’s essential to maintain detailed records of system performance. When a drop in salt rejection or water production is observed, the first step is to verify the accuracy of the instruments—such as conductivity meters, flow meters, pressure gauges, and thermometers—to avoid misdiagnosis due to faulty readings. Next, normalize the operational data by accounting for variables like temperature, feed water TDS (total dissolved solids), recovery rate, membrane age, and water flux. By calculating the normalized water production and desalination rate, you can compare them with initial performance data to determine if the system is indeed experiencing a fault.
There are three main types of failures in reverse osmosis systems: reduced water permeability, increased salt permeability (lowered salt rejection), and higher pressure drop. Each of these symptoms can have multiple causes, so it's important to investigate thoroughly and take corrective actions as soon as possible.
The fault analysis items and corresponding countermeasures are summarized in Table 4-3. Additionally, by analyzing trends in operating parameters, you can pinpoint the root cause of the problem. Table 4-4 provides another perspective on potential causes and solutions for reverse osmosis system failures.
Second, the main measures for troubleshooting a reverse osmosis system.
1. Verify instrument operation
Check all monitoring devices such as pressure gauges, flow meters, pH meters, conductivity meters, and thermometers. Recalibrate if necessary to ensure accurate readings.
2. Recheck operational data
Review the system's performance records, including flux and desalination rate. Consider how factors like temperature, pressure, feed water concentration, and membrane age affect system performance.
3. Assess possible mechanical and chemical problems
Mechanical issues may include damaged O-rings, faulty seals, pump failure, pipe or valve damage, or inaccurate sensors. Chemical problems often arise from improper dosing of acid or scale inhibitors. Excessive acid can harm the membrane or cause sulfate scaling, while insufficient amounts may lead to carbonate or metal hydroxide scaling.
4. Analyze changes in feed water chemistry
Compare current feed water analysis with the baseline data from the system design. Any significant changes in water quality may require additional pre-treatment or upgrades to existing pre-treatment systems.
5. Identify pollutants
Test the feed water, brine, and product water for inorganic components, total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, pH, TDS, total suspended solids (TSS), SDI, and temperature. These measurements help assess the risk of particulate or organic fouling. Analyzing filters from the feed water cartridge or SDI filter can also provide valuable insights.
6. Choose the right cleaning solution
When selecting a cleaning method, consider the type of membrane, compatibility of the cleaning agent, system construction materials, and the nature of the contaminants. A tailored cleaning approach ensures effective removal of fouling without damaging the membrane.
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