**I. Mulberry Land Selection**
Mulberry trees can be planted in a variety of soils, but for optimal growth and high yield, it is crucial to choose loose, fertile, well-draining sandy loam soil that retains moisture and nutrients effectively. This type of soil ensures strong root development, which is essential for long-term productivity and stability.
**II. Site Preparation and Base Fertilization**
Three weeks before planting, the land should be deeply plowed to loosen the soil and improve aeration. Apply 5 kg of organic manure (such as pig or chicken manure) per plant, which amounts to about 3,000 kg per mu. Additionally, after 7–10 days, mix 150 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer per mu into the soil. Two to three days before planting, create furrows with a depth of 1.3 meters and a width of 0.3 meters, ensuring proper spacing for the seedlings.
**III. Planting the Parent Trees**
1. **Planting Density**: The recommended spacing is 0.85 meters between plants and 1.3 meters between rows, resulting in approximately 600 plants per mu.
2. **Parent Tree Arrangement**: Maintain a ratio of 1 male parent to 10–15 female parents.
3. **Arrangement Principles**:
- Keep the distance between male and female parents within 5 meters.
- Alternate male and female parents to ensure cross-pollination.
4. **Specific Layout Plan**:
- Row 1: All female parents.
- Row 2: Female parent 1, female parent 2, male parent 1, female parent 3–8, male parent 2, repeating every 5 females and 1 male.
- Rows 3 and 4: All female parents.
- Row 5: Female parent 1, male parent 1, female parents 3–5, male parent 2, female parents 7–11, then repeat every 5 females and 1 male.
- Rows 6 and 7: All female parents.
- Row 8: Same as Row 2.
- Rows 9 and 10: All female parents.
- Continue this pattern accordingly.
5. **Planting Methods**:
a. One to three days before planting, spread base fertilizer evenly into the planting trench. Add 100 kg of NPK compound fertilizer (N:P:K = 16-16-16) per mu. Mix thoroughly with the soil and cover.
b. Plant the seedlings according to the layout plan. Before planting:
- Soak roots in ABT No. 3 rooting powder (25 ppm) mixed with carbendazim (500 times dilution) to promote root growth.
- Avoid direct contact between roots and fertilizers; keep them 3–5 cm apart.
- Cover the roots with soil up to 2–3 cm above the rhizome (green-yellow junction).
- Press the soil firmly and ensure the main stem is straight.
- Water thoroughly on the day of planting.
- Cover with straw or dry soil to maintain moisture, depending on the climate.
**IV. Management Practices**
1. **Promoting Shoot Growth**:
- After the tree has established itself, cut the main stem 7–10 cm above the graft site.
- Allow 2–3 branches to grow at the first layer.
- For subsequent layers, allow 2–3 branches when the shoots reach 20–30 cm.
2. **Water and Fertilizer Supply**:
- Top-dress with Russian chlorine (N:P:K = 16-16-16) during the growth period: 30 kg, 50 kg, and 100 kg per mu for the second, third, and fourth layers, respectively.
- In late January to early February, apply 80–120 kg of compound fertilizer per mu.
- In April, apply 2,000–3,000 pounds of pig or chicken manure and 150–200 pounds of compound fertilizer per mu.
- Keep the soil consistently moist from months 2 to 10 using sprinkler or drip irrigation.
- Ensure good drainage by digging ditches around the field to prevent waterlogging.
3. **Pest and Disease Control**:
- Monitor daily for signs of pests or disease. Use insecticides like dimethoate, cypermethrin, or phoxim for internal absorption, stomach poison, or contact killing.
- Spray insecticides every 15–20 days after germination to prevent infestation.
4. **Weeding and Pruning**:
- Remove weeds manually or with herbicides. Use selective herbicides safe for mulberry trees to eliminate both monocot and dicot weeds.
- Remove any unwanted branches below the graft union to maintain purity of the species.
5. **Promoting Flowering**:
- Stop top-dressing and irrigation after November to encourage natural flowering.
- Avoid using nitrogen-only fertilizers; instead, apply phosphorus and potassium.
- When the shoots reach the desired height, spray multi-effect sprays or kiosin to stimulate flowering.
**V. Mulberry Seed Collection and Processing**
1. **Harvesting**: Collect mulberry fruits when they turn dark purple or black.
2. **Pressing**: Place the fruits in a bag and press with your feet to separate the seeds from the pulp.
3. **Washing**: Rinse the pressed fruits on a sieve under running water until the seeds are clean and free of impurities.
4. **Drying**: Dry the seeds in a dehydrator first, then store them in a dry seed box. Do not expose them to direct sunlight.
5. **Packaging**: Store the dried seeds in cloth bags under low-temperature conditions (0–-1°C) for sale.
6. **Mechanical Processing**: For large-scale growers (20 acres or more), consider mechanical pressing and rinsing. Recover mulberry juice, which can be sold as a premium beverage, significantly increasing profit by around 1,000 yuan per mu.
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