Eriosoma lonigerum Hausmann, commonly known as the apple woolly aphid, is a species of true bug belonging to the family Aphididae. Native to the eastern United States, it has since spread globally and is now considered an invasive pest in many regions. In China, it has been reported in provinces such as Shandong, Tianjin, Hebei, Shaanxi, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Yunnan, and even in Lhasa, Tibet. The introduction of this pest into new areas often occurs through the transport of plant material, including seedlings, scions, fruits, and packaging materials. Human activities such as pruning, thinning, and grafting also contribute to its spread.
This aphid primarily affects fruit trees like apples, pears, plums, mulberries, and hawthorns. It feeds on various parts of the plant, including leaves, buds, shoots, and roots, causing significant damage. Infested leaves may turn dark brown and fall prematurely, while fruits may become stunted or drop early. Root infestations lead to galls, reduced root development, and eventual rotting of the root system. Due to its harmful effects, E. lonigerum is classified as a quarantine organism in China, particularly in regions like Shandong, Liaoning, Henan, and Sichuan.
Morphologically, adult females are winged and measure 1.7–2.0 mm in length, with a wingspan of about 5.5 mm. They have a dark brown body, red and brown abdomen, and are covered in white waxy secretions. Their antennae have six segments, with distinct characteristics in the third segment. Wingless females are slightly larger (1.8–2.2 mm) and have a more rounded body shape. Males are smaller and less common, with degenerated mouthparts and a different coloration.
The life cycle of E. lonigerum varies by region. In its native habitat, it alternates between two hosts, completing its life cycle with overwintering eggs. In Asia and Europe, where the alternate host (American quail) is absent, it remains on apple trees year-round. In the Jiaodong region of China, it completes one generation per year, with wintering stages occurring mainly on branches and bark crevices. The population peaks in May and declines in late July due to high temperatures and parasitism by the wasp *Aphelinus mali*.
Control methods include strict quarantine measures, early spring treatments using insecticides like dimethoate or methamidophos, and targeted spraying during peak activity periods. Other strategies include painting tree trunks, applying chemicals directly to roots, and using systemic insecticides for long-term control. Integrated pest management practices, such as scraping bark and managing soil around tree roots, are also effective. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are crucial to prevent large-scale infestations and reduce economic losses.
Vtm Sampling Tube With Swab
[Sample requirements]
The collected nasopharyngeal swab samples should be transported at 2°C to 8°C and sent for inspection immediately, and the sample delivery and storage time should not exceed 48 hours.
[Testing method]
1. Before sampling, mark the relevant sample information on the label of the sampling tube.
2. According to different sampling requirements, use a sampling swab to sample in the nasopharynx.
3. The specific sampling methods are as follows:
a) Nasal swab: Gently insert the swab head into the nasal palate, stay for a while and then slowly turn to exit. Wipe the other nostril with another swab, immerse the swab head in the sampling solution, and discard the tail.
b) Pharyngeal swab: Wipe bilateral pharyngeal tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall with a swab, also immerse the swab head in the sampling solution, and discard the tail.
4. Quickly put the swab into the sampling tube.
5. Break the part of the sampling swab higher than the sampling tube, and tighten the tube cover.
6. Freshly collected clinical specimens should be transported to the laboratory within 48 hours at 2°C to 8°C.
[Explanation of test results]
After the sample is collected, the sampling solution turns slightly yellow, which will not affect the nucleic acid test result.
[Limitations of the test method]
1. For samples that are seriously contaminated due to improper storage after collection, the final test results will be affected.
2. If the sample is not stored at the specified temperature, the final test result will be affected.
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