Barley worms are resilient creatures with strong vitality and high tolerance for hunger and thirst. They can grow and reproduce throughout the year, completing their life cycle—from egg to adult—in approximately 100 days. When temperatures drop below 10°C, they enter a dormant state, while their optimal growth range lies between 20°C and 32°C. Temperatures above 35°C are fatal. The ideal relative humidity for their development is 65% to 70%. Their eggs are covered by a tough outer shell, have a rough edge, and contain a milky white yolk inside. The egg stage lasts about 8 to 10 days. Adults lay the most eggs at 30°C, with each female capable of laying up to 1,000 eggs. However, at temperatures below 14°C, mating becomes rare, and no eggs are laid when the temperature drops below 10°C.
Barley worms tend to gather in groups and feed at room temperature around 13°C. They can still survive above 5°C, but grow fastest at 25°C. They die when the temperature exceeds 35°C. Larvae may even nibble on their own adults, so it's important to separate insects of different life stages into individual containers to avoid cannibalism.
During larval development, the body color starts off white, turning yellow-brown after the first molt. Subsequent molts occur every 4 to 6 days, with the pupal stage lasting between 6 to 10 days. At 30 days old, larvae placed in feed at 20°C or higher will become adults within 10 days of pupation.
Adult barley worms initially have soft, white wings and are fragile. Within 1 to 2 days, their wings harden and darken to a brownish color. They are nocturnal, moving quickly but unable to fly. Mating typically begins about ten days after emergence.
There are roughly 700 to 800 mature larvae per kilogram, with a male-to-female ratio of 6:4. There are about 400 females, and each lays at least 300 eggs. Considering natural mortality and other factors, using conservative estimates, this can result in 100 to 120 kg of larvae.
For breeding, the main equipment includes mesh screens and feeding containers. A mesh box is used for egg-laying and separating eggs, adults, and food. It can be made from a wooden frame with 12-mesh gauze. Plastic or wooden containers are suitable for raising larvae. Dimensions should be approximately 80 cm long, 40 cm wide, and 10 cm high. The interior must be smooth to prevent escape and protect against predators like spiders, geckos, and mice.
The best environment for rearing barley worms is a shaded, cool space in winter and a well-ventilated area in summer. The ideal temperature is 20–30°C, with 70% humidity. In hot weather, misting the floor helps lower the temperature, while insulation is needed in cold seasons to maintain normal growth.
When feeding adults, place a sieve (12-mesh stainless steel) at the bottom of the container to separate eggs from adults. After three days, gently sift the sieve to collect eggs and bran, leaving adults behind. Transfer the sieve to a new container with adult worms for continued feeding. Repeat this process weekly. After one week, larvae will hatch and can be moved to a feeding container. Alternatively, adults can be placed on white paper with bran, and the paper can be changed every two to three days. This method ensures a survival rate of over 90%. Eggs collected during this process should not be discarded immediately but can be concentrated for further hatching.
After each egg collection, add fresh food and green materials to the adults to keep them clean and healthy. Barley worms are more active at night, so feeding them during evening hours is recommended. Green feed can be freely available in the containers for them to eat.
With proper care and management, barley worm cultivation has the potential to become a leading practice in the field of insect farming in a short time.
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